Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) C. Bormann
Request for Comments: 9682 Universität Bremen TZI
Updates: 8610 November 2024
Category: Standards Track
ISSN: 2070-1721
Updates to the Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) Grammar
Abstract
The Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL), as defined in RFCs 8610
and 9165, provides an easy and unambiguous way to express structures
for protocol messages and data formats that are represented in
Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) or JSON.
This document updates RFC 8610 by addressing related errata reports
and making other small fixes for the ABNF grammar defined for CDDL.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9682.
Copyright Notice
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document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Conventions and Definitions
2. Clarifications and Changes Based on Errata Reports
2.1. Updates to String Literal Grammar
2.1.1. Erratum ID 6527 (Text String Literals)
2.1.2. Erratum ID 6278 (Consistent String Literals)
2.1.3. Addressing Erratum ID 6526 and Erratum ID 6543
2.2. Examples Demonstrating the Updated String Syntaxes
3. Small Enabling Grammar Changes
3.1. Empty Data Models
3.2. Non-Literal Tag Numbers and Simple Values
4. Security Considerations
5. IANA Considerations
6. References
6.1. Normative References
6.2. Informative References
Appendix A. Updated Collected ABNF for CDDL
Appendix B. Details about Covering Erratum ID 6543
B.1. Change Proposed by Erratum ID 6543
B.2. No Further Change Needed after Updating String Literal
Grammar
Acknowledgments
Author's Address
1. Introduction
The Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL), as defined in [RFC8610]
and [RFC9165], provides an easy and unambiguous way to express
structures for protocol messages and data formats that are
represented in CBOR or JSON.
This document updates [RFC8610] by addressing errata reports and
making other small fixes for the ABNF grammar defined for CDDL. The
body of this document explains and shows motivation for the updates;
the updated collected ABNF syntax in Figure 11 in Appendix A replaces
the collected ABNF syntax in Appendix B of [RFC8610].
1.1. Conventions and Definitions
The terminology from [RFC8610] applies. The grammar in [RFC8610] is
based on ABNF, which is defined in [STD68] and [RFC7405].
2. Clarifications and Changes Based on Errata Reports
A number of errata reports have been made regarding some details of
text string and byte string literal syntax: for example, [Err6527]
and [Err6543]. These are being addressed in this section, updating
details of the ABNF for these literal syntaxes. Also, the changes
described in [Err6526] need to be applied (backslashes have been lost
during the RFC publication process of Appendix G.2 of [RFC8610],
garbling the text explaining backslash escaping).
These changes are intended to mirror the way existing implementations
have dealt with the errata reports. This document also uses the
opportunity presented by the necessary cleanup of the grammar of
string literals for a backward-compatible addition to the syntax for
hexadecimal escapes. The latter change is not automatically forward
compatible (i.e., CDDL specifications that make use of this syntax do
not necessarily work with existing implementations until these are
updated, which is recommended by this specification).
2.1. Updates to String Literal Grammar
2.1.1. Erratum ID 6527 (Text String Literals)
The ABNF used in [RFC8610] for the content of text string literals is
rather permissive:
; ABNF from RFC 8610:
text = %x22 *SCHAR %x22
SCHAR = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E / %x80-10FFFD / SESC
SESC = "\" (%x20-7E / %x80-10FFFD)
Figure 1: Original ABNF from RFC 8610 for Strings with Permissive
ABNF for SESC (Which Did Not Allow Hex Escapes)
This allows almost any non-C0 character to be escaped by a backslash,
but critically misses out on the \uXXXX and \uHHHH\uLLLL forms that
JSON allows to specify characters in hex (which should apply here
according to item 6 of Section 3.1 of [RFC8610]). (Note that CDDL
imports from JSON the unwieldy \uHHHH\uLLLL syntax, which represents
Unicode code points beyond U+FFFF by making them look like UTF-16
surrogate pairs; CDDL text strings do not use UTF-16 or surrogates.)
Both can be solved by updating the SESC rule. This document uses the
opportunity to add a popular form of directly specifying characters
in strings using hexadecimal escape sequences of the form \u{hex},
where hex is the hexadecimal representation of the Unicode scalar
value. The result is the new set of rules defining SESC in Figure 2.
; new rules collectively defining SESC:
SESC = "\" ( %x22 / "/" / "\" / ; \" \/ \\
%x62 / %x66 / %x6E / %x72 / %x74 / ; \b \f \n \r \t
(%x75 hexchar) ) ; \uXXXX
hexchar = "{" (1*"0" [ hexscalar ] / hexscalar) "}" /
non-surrogate / (high-surrogate "\" %x75 low-surrogate)
non-surrogate = ((DIGIT / "A"/"B"/"C" / "E"/"F") 3HEXDIG) /
("D" %x30-37 2HEXDIG )
high-surrogate = "D" ("8"/"9"/"A"/"B") 2HEXDIG
low-surrogate = "D" ("C"/"D"/"E"/"F") 2HEXDIG
hexscalar = "10" 4HEXDIG / HEXDIG1 4HEXDIG
/ non-surrogate / 1*3HEXDIG
HEXDIG1 = DIGIT1 / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
Figure 2: Update to String ABNF in Appendix B of [RFC8610]: Allow
Hex Escapes
| Notes: In ABNF, strings such as "A", "B", etc., are case
| insensitive, as is intended here. The rules above could have
| also used %s"b", etc., instead of %x62, but didn't, in order to
| maximize compatibility with ABNF tools.
Now that SESC is more restrictively formulated, an update to the
BCHAR rule used in the ABNF syntax for byte string literals is also
required:
; ABNF from RFC 8610:
bytes = [bsqual] %x27 *BCHAR %x27
BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-10FFFD / SESC / CRLF
bsqual = "h" / "b64"
Figure 3: ABNF from RFC 8610 for BCHAR
With the SESC updated as above, \' is no longer allowed in BCHAR and
now needs to be explicitly included there; see Figure 4.
2.1.2. Erratum ID 6278 (Consistent String Literals)
Updating BCHAR also provides an opportunity to address [Err6278],
which points to an inconsistency in treating U+007F (DEL) between
SCHAR and BCHAR. As U+007F is not printable, including it in a byte
string literal is as confusing as for a text string literal;
therefore, it should be excluded from BCHAR as it is from SCHAR. The
same reasoning also applies to the C1 control characters, so the
updated ABNF actually excludes the entire range from U+007F to
U+009F. The same reasoning also applies to text in comments (PCHAR).
For completeness, all these rules should also explicitly exclude the
code points that have been set aside for UTF-16 surrogates.
; new rules for SCHAR, BCHAR, and PCHAR:
SCHAR = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E / NONASCII / SESC
BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-7E / NONASCII / SESC / "\'" / CRLF
PCHAR = %x20-7E / NONASCII
NONASCII = %xA0-D7FF / %xE000-10FFFD
Figure 4: Update to ABNF in Appendix B of [RFC8610]: BCHAR,
SCHAR, and PCHAR
(Note that, apart from addressing the inconsistencies, there is no
attempt to further exclude non-printable characters from the ABNF;
doing this properly would draw in complexity from the ongoing
evolution of the Unicode standard [UNICODE] that is not needed here.)
2.1.3. Addressing Erratum ID 6526 and Erratum ID 6543
The above changes also cover [Err6543] (a proposal to split off
qualified byte string literals from UTF-8 byte string literals) and
[Err6526] (lost backslashes); see Appendix B for details.
2.2. Examples Demonstrating the Updated String Syntaxes
The CDDL example in Figure 5 demonstrates various escaping techniques
now available for (byte and text) strings in CDDL. Obviously, in the
literals for a and x, there is no need to escape the second
character, an o, as \u{6f}; this is just for demonstration.
Similarly, as shown in c and z, there also is no need to escape the
"ð³" (DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02, U+1F073) or "â" (PLACE OF INTEREST
SIGN, U+2318); however, escaping them may be convenient in order to
limit the character repertoire of a CDDL file itself to ASCII
[STD80].
start = [a, b, c, x, y, z]
; "ð³", DOMINO TILE VERTICAL-02-02, and
; "â", PLACE OF INTEREST SIGN, in a text string:
a = "D\u{6f}mino's \u{1F073} + \u{2318}" ; \u{}-escape 3 chars
b = "Domino's \uD83C\uDC73 + \u2318" ; escape JSON-like
c = "Domino's ð³ + â" ; unescaped
; in a byte string given as text, the ' needs to be escaped:
x = 'D\u{6f}mino\u{27}s \u{1F073} + \u{2318}' ; \u{}-escape 4 chars
y = 'Domino\'s \uD83C\uDC73 + \u2318' ; escape JSON-like
z = 'Domino\'s ð³ + â' ; escape ' only
Figure 5: Example Text and Byte String Literals with Various Escaping
Techniques
In this example, the rules a to c and x to z all produce strings with
byte-wise identical content: a to c are text strings and x to z are
byte strings. Figure 6 illustrates this by showing the output
generated from the start rule in Figure 5, using pretty-printed
hexadecimal.
86 # array(6)
73 # text(19)
446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's ð³ + â"
73 # text(19)
446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's ð³ + â"
73 # text(19)
446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's ð³ + â"
53 # bytes(19)
446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's ð³ + â"
53 # bytes(19)
446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's ð³ + â"
53 # bytes(19)
446f6d696e6f277320f09f81b3202b20e28c98 # "Domino's ð³ + â"
Figure 6: Generated CBOR from CDDL Example (Pretty-Printed
Hexadecimal)
3. Small Enabling Grammar Changes
Each subsection that follows specifies a small change to the grammar
that is intended to enable certain kinds of specifications. These
changes are backward compatible (i.e., CDDL files that comply with
[RFC8610] continue to match the updated grammar) but not necessarily
forward compatible (i.e., CDDL specifications that make use of these
changes cannot necessarily be processed by existing implementations
of [RFC8610]).
3.1. Empty Data Models
[RFC8610] requires a CDDL file to have at least one rule.
; ABNF from RFC 8610:
cddl = S 1*(rule S)
Figure 7: ABNF from RFC 8610 for Top-Level Rule cddl
This makes sense when the file has to stand alone, as a CDDL data
model needs to have at least one rule to provide an entry point
(i.e., a start rule).
With CDDL modules [CDDL-MODULES], CDDL files can also include
directives, and these might be the source of all the rules that
ultimately make up the module created by the file. Any other rule
content in the file has to be available for directive processing,
making the requirement for at least one rule cumbersome.
Therefore, the present update extends the grammar as in Figure 8 and
turns the existence of at least one rule into a semantic constraint,
to be fulfilled after processing of all directives.
; new top-level rule:
cddl = S *(rule S)
Figure 8: Update to Top-Level ABNF in Appendices B and C of RFC 8610
3.2. Non-Literal Tag Numbers and Simple Values
The existing ABNF syntax for expressing tags in CDDL is as follows:
; extracted from the ABNF in RFC 8610:
type2 =/ "#" "6" ["." uint] "(" S type S ")"
Figure 9: Original ABNF from RFC 8610 for Tag Syntax
This means tag numbers can only be given as literal numbers (uints).
Some specifications operate on ranges of tag numbers; for example,
[RFC9277] has a range of tag numbers 1668546817 (0x63740101) to
1668612095 (0x6374FFFF) to tag specific content formats. This cannot
currently be expressed in CDDL. Similar considerations apply to
simple values (#7.xx).
This update extends the syntax to the following:
; new rules collectively defining the tagged case:
type2 =/ "#" "6" ["." head-number] "(" S type S ")"
/ "#" "7" ["." head-number]
head-number = uint / ("<" type ">")
Figure 10: Update to Tag and Simple Value ABNF in Appendices B
and C of RFC 8610
For #6, the head-number stands for the tag number. For #7, the head-
number stands for the simple value if it is in the ranges 0..23 or
32..255 (as per Section 3.3 of RFC 8949 [STD94], the simple values
24..31 are not used). For 24..31, the head-number stands for the
"additional information", e.g., #7.25 or #7.<25> is a float16, etc.
(All ranges mentioned here are inclusive.)
So the above range can be expressed in a CDDL fragment such as:
ct-tag<content> = #6.<ct-tag-number>(content)
ct-tag-number = 1668546817..1668612095
; or use 0x63740101..0x6374FFFF
| Notes:
|
| 1. This syntax reuses the angle bracket syntax for
| generics; this reuse is innocuous because a generic
| parameter or argument only ever occurs after a rule name
| (id), while it occurs after the "." (dot) character
| here. (Whether there is potential for human confusion
| can be debated; the above example deliberately uses
| generics as well.)
|
| 2. The updated ABNF grammar makes it a bit more explicit
| that the number given after the optional dot is the
| value of the argument: for tags and simple values, it is
| not giving the CBOR "additional information”, as it is
| with other uses of # in CDDL. (Adding this observation
| to Section 2.2.3 of [RFC8610] is the subject of
| [Err6575]; it is correctly noted in Section 3.6 of
| [RFC8610].) In hindsight, maybe a different character
| than the dot should have been chosen for this special
| case; however, changing the grammar in the current
| document would have been too disruptive.
4. Security Considerations
The grammar fixes and updates in this document are not believed to
create additional security considerations. The security
considerations in Section 5 of [RFC8610] apply. Specifically, the
potential for confusion is increased in an environment that uses a
combination of CDDL tools, some of which have been updated and some
of which have not, in particular based on Section 2.
Attackers may want to exploit such potential confusion by crafting
CDDL models that are interpreted differently by different parts of a
system. There will be a period of transition from the details that
the grammar in [RFC8610] handled in a less well-defined way, to the
updated grammar defined in the present document. This transition
might offer one (but not the only) type of opportunity for the kind
of attack that relies on differences between implementations.
Implementations that make use of CDDL models operationally already
need to ascertain the provenance (and thus authenticity and
integrity) and applicability of models they employ. At the time of
writing, it is expected that the models will generally be processed
by a software developer, within a software development environment.
Therefore, developers are advised to treat CDDL models with the same
care as any other source code.
5. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC8610] Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.
[STD68] Internet Standard 68,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std68>.
At the time of writing, this STD comprises the following:
Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
[STD94] Internet Standard 94,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std94>.
At the time of writing, this STD comprises the following:
Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.
6.2. Informative References
[CDDL-MODULES]
Bormann, C. and B. Moran, "CDDL Module Structure", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-cbor-cddl-modules-03,
1 September 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
draft-ietf-cbor-cddl-modules-03>.
[EDN-LITERALS]
Bormann, C., "CBOR Extended Diagnostic Notation (EDN)",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-cbor-edn-
literals-13, 3 November 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-cbor-
edn-literals-13>.
[Err6278] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 6278, RFC 8610,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6278>.
[Err6526] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 6526, RFC 8610,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6526>.
[Err6527] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 6527, RFC 8610,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6527>.
[Err6543] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 6543, RFC 8610,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6543>.
[Err6575] RFC Errata, Erratum ID 6575, RFC 8610,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata/eid6575>.
[RFC7405] Kyzivat, P., "Case-Sensitive String Support in ABNF",
RFC 7405, DOI 10.17487/RFC7405, December 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7405>.
[RFC9165] Bormann, C., "Additional Control Operators for the Concise
Data Definition Language (CDDL)", RFC 9165,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9165, December 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9165>.
[RFC9277] Richardson, M. and C. Bormann, "On Stable Storage for
Items in Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)",
RFC 9277, DOI 10.17487/RFC9277, August 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9277>.
[STD80] Internet Standard 80,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/std80>.
At the time of writing, this STD comprises the following:
Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", STD 80,
RFC 20, DOI 10.17487/RFC0020, October 1969,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc20>.
[UNICODE] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard",
<https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/>.
Appendix A. Updated Collected ABNF for CDDL
This appendix is normative.
It provides the full ABNF from [RFC8610] as updated by the present
document.
cddl = S *(rule S)
rule = typename [genericparm] S assignt S type
/ groupname [genericparm] S assigng S grpent
typename = id
groupname = id
assignt = "=" / "/="
assigng = "=" / "//="
genericparm = "<" S id S *("," S id S ) ">"
genericarg = "<" S type1 S *("," S type1 S ) ">"
type = type1 *(S "/" S type1)
type1 = type2 [S (rangeop / ctlop) S type2]
; space may be needed before the operator if type2 ends in a name
type2 = value
/ typename [genericarg]
/ "(" S type S ")"
/ "{" S group S "}"
/ "[" S group S "]"
/ "~" S typename [genericarg]
/ "&" S "(" S group S ")"
/ "&" S groupname [genericarg]
/ "#" "6" ["." head-number] "(" S type S ")"
/ "#" "7" ["." head-number]
/ "#" DIGIT ["." uint] ; major/ai
/ "#" ; any
head-number = uint / ("<" type ">")
rangeop = "..." / ".."
ctlop = "." id
group = grpchoice *(S "//" S grpchoice)
grpchoice = *(grpent optcom)
grpent = [occur S] [memberkey S] type
/ [occur S] groupname [genericarg] ; preempted by above
/ [occur S] "(" S group S ")"
memberkey = type1 S ["^" S] "=>"
/ bareword S ":"
/ value S ":"
bareword = id
optcom = S ["," S]
occur = [uint] "*" [uint]
/ "+"
/ "?"
uint = DIGIT1 *DIGIT
/ "0x" 1*HEXDIG
/ "0b" 1*BINDIG
/ "0"
value = number
/ text
/ bytes
int = ["-"] uint
; This is a float if it has fraction or exponent; int otherwise
number = hexfloat / (int ["." fraction] ["e" exponent ])
hexfloat = ["-"] "0x" 1*HEXDIG ["." 1*HEXDIG] "p" exponent
fraction = 1*DIGIT
exponent = ["+"/"-"] 1*DIGIT
text = %x22 *SCHAR %x22
SCHAR = %x20-21 / %x23-5B / %x5D-7E / NONASCII / SESC
SESC = "\" ( %x22 / "/" / "\" / ; \" \/ \\
%x62 / %x66 / %x6E / %x72 / %x74 / ; \b \f \n \r \t
(%x75 hexchar) ) ; \uXXXX
hexchar = "{" (1*"0" [ hexscalar ] / hexscalar) "}" /
non-surrogate / (high-surrogate "\" %x75 low-surrogate)
non-surrogate = ((DIGIT / "A"/"B"/"C" / "E"/"F") 3HEXDIG) /
("D" %x30-37 2HEXDIG )
high-surrogate = "D" ("8"/"9"/"A"/"B") 2HEXDIG
low-surrogate = "D" ("C"/"D"/"E"/"F") 2HEXDIG
hexscalar = "10" 4HEXDIG / HEXDIG1 4HEXDIG
/ non-surrogate / 1*3HEXDIG
bytes = [bsqual] %x27 *BCHAR %x27
BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-7E / NONASCII / SESC / "\'" / CRLF
bsqual = "h" / "b64"
id = EALPHA *(*("-" / ".") (EALPHA / DIGIT))
ALPHA = %x41-5A / %x61-7A
EALPHA = ALPHA / "@" / "_" / "$"
DIGIT = %x30-39
DIGIT1 = %x31-39
HEXDIG = DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
HEXDIG1 = DIGIT1 / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F"
BINDIG = %x30-31
S = *WS
WS = SP / NL
SP = %x20
NL = COMMENT / CRLF
COMMENT = ";" *PCHAR CRLF
PCHAR = %x20-7E / NONASCII
NONASCII = %xA0-D7FF / %xE000-10FFFD
CRLF = %x0A / %x0D.0A
Figure 11: ABNF for CDDL as Updated
Appendix B. Details about Covering Erratum ID 6543
This appendix is informative.
[Err6543] notes that the ABNF used in [RFC8610] for the content of
byte string literals lumps together byte strings notated as text with
byte strings notated in base16 (hex) or base64 (but see also updated
BCHAR rule in Figure 4):
; ABNF from RFC 8610:
bytes = [bsqual] %x27 *BCHAR %x27
BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-10FFFD / SESC / CRLF
Figure 12: Original ABNF from RFC 8610 for BCHAR
B.1. Change Proposed by Erratum ID 6543
Erratum ID 6543 proposes handling the two cases in separate ABNF
rules (where, with an updated SESC, BCHAR obviously needs to be
updated as above):
; Proposal from Erratum ID 6543:
bytes = %x27 *BCHAR %x27
/ bsqual %x27 *QCHAR %x27
BCHAR = %x20-26 / %x28-5B / %x5D-10FFFD / SESC / CRLF
QCHAR = DIGIT / ALPHA / "+" / "/" / "-" / "_" / "=" / WS
Figure 13: Proposal from Erratum ID 6543 to Split the Byte String
Rules
This potentially causes a subtle change, which is hidden in the WS
rule:
; ABNF from RFC 8610:
WS = SP / NL
SP = %x20
NL = COMMENT / CRLF
COMMENT = ";" *PCHAR CRLF
PCHAR = %x20-7E / %x80-10FFFD
CRLF = %x0A / %x0D.0A
Figure 14: ABNF Definition of WS from RFC 8610
This allows any non-C0 character in a comment, so this fragment
becomes possible:
foo = h'
43424F52 ; 'CBOR'
0A ; LF, but don't use CR!
'
The current text is not unambiguously saying whether the three
apostrophes need to be escaped with a \ or not, as in:
foo = h'
43424F52 ; \'CBOR\'
0A ; LF, but don\'t use CR!
'
... which would be supported by the existing ABNF in [RFC8610].
B.2. No Further Change Needed after Updating String Literal Grammar
This document takes the simpler approach of leaving the processing of
the content of the byte string literal to a semantic step after
processing the syntax of the bytes and BCHAR rules, as updated by
Figures 2 and 4 in Section 2.1 (updates prompted by the combination
of [Err6527] and [Err6278]).
Therefore, the rules in Figure 14 (as updated by Figure 4) are
applied to the result of this processing where bsqual is given as h
or b64.
Note that this approach also works well with the use of byte strings
in Section 3 of [RFC9165]. It does require some care when copying-
and-pasting into CDDL models from ABNF that contains single quotes
(which may also hide as apostrophes in comments); these need to be
escaped or possibly replaced by %x27.
Finally, the approach taken lends support to extending bsqual in CDDL
similar to the way this is done for CBOR diagnostic notation in
[EDN-LITERALS]. (Note that, at the time of writing, the processing
of string literals is quite similar for both CDDL and Extended
Diagnostic Notation (EDN), except that CDDL has end-of-line comments
that are ";" based and EDN has two comment syntaxes: one in-line "/"
based and one end-of-line "#" based.)
Acknowledgments
Many thanks go to the submitters of the errata reports addressed in
this document. In one of the ensuing discussions, Doug Ewell
proposed defining an ABNF rule "NONASCII", of which we have included
the essence. Special thanks to the reviewers Marco Tiloca, Christian
Amsüss (Shepherd Review and further guidance), Orie Steele (AD Review
and further guidance), and Éric Vyncke (detailed IESG review).
Author's Address
Carsten Bormann
Universität Bremen TZI
Postfach 330440
D-28359 Bremen
Germany
Phone: +49-421-218-63921
Email: cabo@tzi.org
