Network Working Group T. Mallory
Request for Comments: 1141 A. Kullberg
Obsoletes: RFC 1071 BBN Communications
January 1990
Incremental Updating of the Internet Checksum
Status of this Memo
This memo correctly describes the incremental update procedure for
use with the standard Internet checksum. It is intended to replace
the description of Incremental Update in RFC 1071. This is not a
standard but rather, an implementation technique. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
Description
In RFC 1071 on pages 4 and 5, there is a description of a method to
update the IP checksum in the IP header without having to completely
recompute the checksum. In particular, the RFC recommends the
following equation for computing the update checksum C' from the
original checksum C, and the old and new values of byte m:
C' = C + (-m) + m' = C + (m' - m)
While the equation above is correct, it is not very useful for
incremental updates since the equation above updates the checksum C,
rather than the 1's complement of the checksum, ~C, which is the
value stored in the checksum field. In addition, it suffers because
the notation does not clearly specify that all arithmetic, including
the unary negation, must be performed one's complement, and so is
difficult to use to build working code. The useful calculation for
2's complement machines is:
~C' = ~(C + (-m) + m') = ~C + (m - m') = ~C + m + ~m'
In the oft-mentioned case of updating the IP TTL field, subtracting
one from the TTL means ADDING 1 or 256 as appropriate to the checksum
field in the packet, using one's complement addition. One big-endian
non-portable implementation in C looks like:
unsigned long sum;
ipptr->ttl--; /* decrement ttl */
sum = ipptr->Checksum + 0x100; /* increment checksum high byte*/
ipptr->Checksum = (sum + (sum>>16)) /* add carry */
This special case can be optimized in many ways: for instance, you
Mallory & Kullberg [Page 1]RFC 1141 Incremental Updating January 1990
can bundle updating and checking the ttl. Compiler mileage may vary.
Here is a more general and possibly more helpful example which
updates the ttl by n seconds:
UpdateTTL(iph,n)
struct ip_hdr *ipptr;
unsigned char n;
{
unsigned long sum;
unsigned short old;
old = ntohs(*(unsigned short *)&ipptr->ttl);
ipptr->ttl -= n;
sum = old + (~ntohs(*(unsigned short *)&ipptr->ttl) & 0xffff);
sum += ntohs(ipptr->Checksum);
sum = (sum & 0xffff) + (sum>>16);
ipptr->Checksum = htons(sum + (sum>>16));
}
Security Considerations
Security issues are not addressed in this memo.
Authors' Addresses
Tracy Mallory
BBN Communications Corporation
50 Moulton Street
Cambridge, MA 02238
Phone: (617) 873-3193
EMail: tmallory@CCV.BBN.COM
A. Kullberg
BBN Communications Corporation
50 Moulton Street
Cambridge, MA 02238
Phone: (617) 873-4000
EMail: akullberg@BBN.COM
Mallory & Kullberg [Page 2]
