Network Working Group Y. Rekhter
Request for Comments: 1520 T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Corp.
Category: Informational C. Topolcic
CNRI
September 1993
Exchanging Routing Information Across Provider Boundaries
in the CIDR Environment
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard. Distribution of this memo is
unlimited.
1. Introduction
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) has been adopted as a solution
to the scaling problem in the Internet. The overall CIDR architecture
is described in [1]. The architecture for IP address assignment with
CIDR is covered in [2] and [3]. The inter-domain routing protocols
that are capable of supporting CIDR are covered in [4], [5], and [6].
The purpose of this document is twofold. First, it describes various
alternatives for exchanging inter-domain routing information across
domain boundaries, where one of the peering domain is CIDR-capable
and another is not. Second, it addresses the implications of running
CIDR-capable inter-domain routing protocols (e.g., BGP-4, IDRP) on
intra-domain routing.
This document is not intended to cover all the cases (either real or
imaginable). Rather, it focuses on what are viewed to be the most
common cases. We expect that individual service providers will use
this document as guidelines in establishing their specific
operational plans for the transition to CIDR.
The concepts of "network service provider" and "network service
subscriber" were introduced in [3]. For the sake of brevity, we will
use the term "provider" or "service provider" here to mean either
"network service provider" or "network service subscriber", since for
the most part, the distinction is not important to this discussion.
Furthermore, we use the same terms to refer to the network and to the
organization that operates the network. We feel that the context
makes it amply clear whether we are talking about hardware or people,
and defining different terms would only make this paper harder to
read.
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This document defines a CIDR-capable provider as the provider that
can perform correct IP packet forwarding (both internally and to
other adjacent providers) when the inter-domain routing information
acquired by the provider is expressed solely in terms of IP address
prefixes (with no distinction between A/B/C class of addresses).
This document defines CIDR-capable forwarding as the ability of a
router to maintain its forwarding table and to perform correct
forwarding of IP packets without making any assumptions about the
class of IP addresses.
This document defines CIDR reachability information as reachability
information that may violate any assumptions about the class of IP
addresses. For instance, a contiguous block of class C networks
expressed as a single IP address prefix constitutes CIDR reachability
information.
2. Taxonomy of Service Providers
For the purpose of this document we partition all service providers
into the following categories, based on the type and volume of
inter-domain routing information a provider needs to acquire in order
to meet its service requirements:
- Requirements imposed on a service provider preclude it from
using Default inter-domain route(s) -- we'll refer to such a
pqrovider as a Type 1 provider.
- Requirements imposed on a service provider allow it to rely on
using one or more Default routes for inter-domain routing, but
this information must be supplemented by requiring the provider
to acquire a large percentage of total Internet routing
information -- we'll refer to such a provider as a Type 2
provider.
- Requirements imposed on a service provider allow it to rely on
using one or more Default routes for inter-domain routing;
however, to meet its service requirements the provider must
supplement Default route(s) by acquiring a small percentage of
total Internet routing information -- we'll refer to such a
provider as a Type 3 provider.
- Requirements imposed on a service provider allow it to rely
solely on using one or more Default routes for inter-domain
routing; no other inter-domain routing information need to be
acquired -- we'll refer to such a provider as a Type 4 provider.
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3. Assumptions on Deployment of CIDR in the Internet
The document assumes that the CIDR deployment in the Internet will
proceed as a three phase process.
In the first phase all the major service providers will become CIDR-
capable. Specifically, all the providers that can't rely on using
Default route(s) for inter-domain routing (Type 1 providers) are
expected to deploy BGP-4 and transition to CIDR during this phase. It
is expected that CIDR reachability information will first appear in
the Internet upon transition of all Type 1 service providers to CIDR.
The second phase will commence upon completion of the first phase.
During the second phase other service providers that are connected to
the service providers that were transitioned to CIDR during the first
phase will become CIDR-capable. Specifically, during the second
phase it is expected that most of the providers that need to acquire
a large percentage of the total Internet routing information (Type 2
provider) will become CIDR-capable. In addition, during the second
phase some of the Type 3 providers may become CIDR-capable as well.
This plan was agreed to by a number of major providers [8]. NSFNET's
steps to implement this plan are described in [9].
Finally, during the third phase the rest of the Type 3 providers and
most of the Type 4 providers will transition to CIDR.
It is expected that the duration of the first phase will be
significantly shorter than duration of the second phase. Likewise,
the duration of the second phase is expected to be shorter than the
duration of the third phase.
This document addresses the need for service providers to exchange
inter-domain routing information during the second and third phases
of this deployment. During these phases, some providers will be
CIDR-capable, and others will not. Hence this document considers
routing exchanges where one of the peers is CIDR-capable and the
other is CIDR-incapable.
4. Implications of CIDR on Interior Routing
A CIDR-capable service provider can use the following two techniques
to distribute exterior routing information to all of its routers
(both interior and border):
- utilize internal BGP/IDRP between all the routers
- use CIDR-capable IGPs (e.g., OSPF, IS-IS, RIP2)
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The first technique doesn't impose any addition requirements on the
IGP within the provider. Additional information on implementing the
first option is presented in [5] (see Section A.2.4).
The second technique allows the provider to reduce the utilization of
internal BGP/IDRP, but imposes specific requirements on the intra-
domain routing. It also requires the ability to inject inter-domain
routing information (acquired either via BGP or IDRP) into the
intra-domain routing. Additional details on implementing the second
option are provided in [7]. It is not expected that all the features
enumerated in [7] will be widely needed. Therefore, it would be
highly desirable to prioritize the features.
Note that both of these techniques imply that all the routers within
a CIDR-capable service provider need to be capable of CIDR-based
forwarding.
Discussion of which of the two techniques should be preferred is
outside the scope of this document.
5. Exchanging Inter-Domain Routing Information
At each phase during the transition to CIDR one of the essential
aspects of the Internet operations will be the exchange of inter-
domain routing information between CIDR-capable providers and CIDR-
incapable provider.
When exchanging inter-domain routing information between a CIDR-
capable provider and a CIDR-incapable provider, it is of utmost
importance to take into account the view each side wants the other to
present. This view has two distinct aspects:
- the type of routing information exchanged (i.e., Default route,
traditional (non-CIDR) reachability information, CIDR
reachability information)
- routing information processing each side needs to do to maintain
these views (e.g., ability to perform aggregation, ability to
perform controlled de-aggregation)
The exchange of inter-domain routing information is expected to be
controlled by bilateral agreements between the directly connected
service providers. Consequently, the views each side wants of the
other are expected to form an essential component of such agreements.
To facilitate troubleshooting and problem isolation, the bilateral
agreements should be made accessible to other providers. One way to
accomplish this is by placing them in a generally accessible
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database. The details of how this can be implemented are outside the
scope of this document. A possible way to accomplish this is
described in [9].
Since the exchange of inter-domain routing information across
provider boundaries occurs on a per peer basis, a border router is
expected to provide necessary mechanisms (e.g., configuration) that
will control exchange and processing of this information on a per
peer basis.
In the following sections we describe possible scenarios for
exchanging inter-domain routing information. It is always assumed
that one side is CIDR-capable and the other is not.
5.1 Exchanging Inter-Domain Routing Information between CIDR-capable
providers and CIDR-incapable Type 2 (default with large proportion
of explicit routes) providers
We expect the border router(s) within a CIDR-capable provider to be
capable of aggregating inter-domain routing information they receive
from a CIDR-incapable Type 2 provider. The aggregation is expected
to be governed and controlled via a bilateral agreement.
Specifically, the CIDR capable provider is expected to aggregate only
the information the other side (the CIDR-incapable provider)
requests. In other words, the aggregation shall be done by the CIDR-
capable provider (the receiver) and only when agreed to by the CIDR-
incapable provider (the sender).
Passing inter-domain routing information from a CIDR-capable provider
to a CIDR-incapable Type 2 provider will require an agreement between
the two that would cover the following items:
- under what conditions the CIDR-capable provider can pass an
inter-domain Default route to the CIDR-incapable provider
- exchange of specific non-CIDR reachability information
- controlled de-aggregation of CIDR reachability information
Agreements that cover the first two items are already implemented
within the Internet. Thus, the only additional factor introduced by
CIDR is controlled de-aggregation. A CIDR-capable provider may decide
not to de-aggregate any CIDR reachability information, or to de-
aggregate some or all of the CIDR reachability information.
If a CIDR-capable provider does not de-aggregate CIDR reachability
information, then its non-CIDR Type 2 peer can obtain reachability
information from it either as non-CIDR reachability information
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(explicit Class A/B/C network advertisement) or as an inter-domain
Default route. Since most of the current reachability information in
the Internet is non-CIDR, a Type 2 provider would be able to acquire
this information as explicit Class A/B/C network advertisements from
the CIDR-capable provider, as it does now. Further, it is expected
that at least on a temporary basis (until the completion of the
second phase of the transition) in a majority of cases, Type 2
providers should be able to use an inter-domain Default route
(acquired from the CIDR-capable provider) as a way of dealing with
forwarding to destinations covered by CIDR reachability information.
Thus, it is expected that most of the cases involving a CIDR-capable
Type 2 provider and a CIDR-capable provider that does not perform
de-aggregation could be addressed by a combination of exchanging
specific non-CIDR reachability information and an inter-domain
Default route. Any inconvenience to a CIDR-incapable provider due to
the use of an inter-domain Default route will be removed once the
provider transitions to CIDR.
On the other hand, a CIDR-capable provider may decide to perform
controlled de-aggregation of CIDR reachability information.
Additional information on performing controlled de-aggregation can be
found in [5] (Section 8). Special care must be taken when de-
aggregating CIDR reachability information carried by a route with the
ATOMIC_AGGREGATE path attribute. It is worth while pointing out that
due to the nature of Type 2 provider (it needs to acquire a large
percentage of total inter-domain routing information) it is expected
that the controlled de-aggregation would result in substantial
configuration at the border router that performs the de-aggregation.
5.2 Exchanging Inter-Domain Routing Information between CIDR-capable
providers and CIDR-incapable Type 3 (Default with few explicit
routes) providers
In this case, as in the case described in Section 5.1, it is expected
that a border router in a CIDR-capable provider would be able to
aggregate routing information it receives from a CIDR-incapable Type
3 provider. The aggregation is expected to be governed and controlled
via a bilateral agreement. Specifically, the CIDR capable provider
is expected to aggregate only the information the CIDR-incapable
provider requests.
The only difference between this case and the case described in
Section 5.1 is the fact that a CIDR-incapable provider requires just
a small percentage of total inter-domain routing information. If this
information falls into a non-CIDR category, then a Type 3 provider
would be able to acquire it from a CIDR-capable provider. If this is
CIDR reachability information, then in a majority of cases it is
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expected that forwarding to destinations covered by this information
could be handled via an inter-domain Default route.
It is still expected that a border router in a CIDR-capable provider
would be able to aggregate routing information it receives from a
CIDR-incapable Type 3 provider. The aggregation is expected to be
governed and controlled via a bilateral agreement. Specifically, the
CIDR capable provider is expected to aggregate only the information
the other side (the CIDR-incapable provider) requests.
5.3 Exchanging Inter-Domain Routing Information between CIDR-capable
providers and CIDR-incapable Type 4 (Default only) providers
Again, it is still expected that a border router in a CIDR-capable
provider would be able to aggregate routing information it receives
from a CIDR-incapable Type 4 provider. The aggregation is expected to
be governed and controlled via a bilateral agreement. Specifically,
the CIDR capable provider is expected to aggregate only the
information the CIDR-incapable provider requests.
The only difference between this case and the case described in
Section 5.1 is the fact that CIDR-incapable provider would not
require any inter-domain routing information, other than the Default
inter-domain route. Therefore, controlled de-aggregation of CIDR
reachability information is not an issue.
6. Conclusions
It is expected that the reduction in the global volume of routing
information will begin immediately upon completion of the first phase
of the transition to CIDR. The second phase will allow simpler
bilateral arrangements between connected service providers by
shifting the responsibility for routing information aggregation
towards the parties that are better suitable for it, and by
significantly reducing the need for routing information de-
aggregation. Thus, most of the gain achieved during the second phase
will come from simplifying bilateral agreements. The third phase it
intended to complete the goals and objectives of the second phase.
7. Acknowledgments
This document was largely stimulated by the discussion that took
place during the Merit/NSFNET Regional Tech Meeting in Boulder,
January 21-22, 1993. We would like specifically acknowledge
contributions by Peter Ford (Los Alamos National Laboratory), Elise
Gerich (NSFNET/Merit), Susan Hares (NSFNET/Merit), Mark Knopper
(NSFNET/Merit), Bill Manning (Sesquinet/Rice University), and John
Scudder (NSFNET/Merit).
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8. References
[1] Fuller, V., Li, T., Yu, J., and K. Varadhan, "Classless Inter-
Domain Routing (CIDR): An Address Assignment and Aggregation
Strategy", RFC 1519, BARRNet, cisco, Merit, and OARnet, September
1993.
[2] Gerich, E., "Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space", RFC
1466, Merit, May 1993.
[3] Rekhter, Y., and T. Li, "An Architecture for IP Address
Allocation with CIDR", RFC 1518, T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM
Corp., cisco Systems, September 1993.
[4] Rekhter, Y., and T. Li, "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)",
Work in Progress, June 1993.
[5] Rekhter, Y., and P. Gross, "Application of the Border Gateway
Protocol in the Internet", Work in Progress, September 1992.
[6] Hares, S., "IDRP for IP", Work in Progress, March 1993.
[7] Varadhan, K., "BGP4 OSPF Interaction", Work in Progress, March
1993.
[8] Topolcic, C., "Notes on BGP-4/CIDR Coordination Meeting of 11
March 93", Informal Notes, March 1993.
[9] Knopper, M., "Aggregation Support in the NSFNET Policy Routing
Database", RFC 1482, Merit, June 1993.
9. Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
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10. Authors' Addresses
Yakov Rekhter
T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Corporation
P.O. Box 218
Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
Phone: (914) 945-3896
EMail: yakov@watson.ibm.com
Claudio Topolcic
Corporation for National Research Initiatives
1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100
Suite 100
Reston, VA 22091
Phone: (703) 620-8990
EMail: topolcic@CNRI.Reston.VA.US
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