Network Working Group G. Malkin
Request for Comments: 1724 Xylogics, Inc.
Obsoletes: 1389 F. Baker
Category: Standards Track Cisco Systems
November 1994
RIP Version 2 MIB Extension
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This memo defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB)
for use with network management protocols in TCP/IP-based internets.
In particular, it defines objects for managing RIP Version 2.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the IETF ripv2 Working Group for
their help in improving the RIP-2 MIB extension.
Table of Contents
1. The Network Management Framework ...................... 2
2. Objects ............................................... 2
2.1 Format of Definitions ................................ 3
3. Overview .............................................. 3
3.1 Textual Conventions .................................. 3
3.2 Structure of MIB ..................................... 3
3.3 Modifications from RFC 1389 .......................... 3
4. Definitions ........................................... 5
4.1 Global Counters ...................................... 6
4.2 RIP Interface Tables ................................. 6
4.3 Peer Table ........................................... 12
5. References ............................................ 17
6. Security Considerations ............................... 18
7. Authors' Addresses .................................... 18
Malkin & Baker [Page 1]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
1. The Network Management Framework
The Internet-standard Network Management Framework consists of three
components. They are:
STD 16/RFC 1155 which defines the SMI, the mechanisms used for
describing and naming objects for the purpose of management.
STD 16/RFC 1212 defines a more concise description mechanism,
which is wholly consistent with the SMI.
RFC 1156 which defines MIB-I, the core set of managed objects for
the Internet suite of protocols. STD 17/RFC 1213 defines MIB-
II, an evolution of MIB-I based on implementation experience
and new operational requirements.
STD 15/RFC 1157 which defines the SNMP, the protocol used for
network access to managed objects.
The Framework permits new objects to be defined for the purpose of
experimentation and evaluation.
2. Objects
Managed objects are accessed via a virtual information store, termed
the Management Information Base or MIB. Objects in the MIB are
defined using the subset of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) [7]
defined in the SMI. In particular, each object has a name, a syntax,
and an encoding. The name is an object identifier, an
administratively assigned name, which specifies an object type. The
object type together with an object instance serves to uniquely
identify a specific instantiation of the object. For human
convenience, we often use a textual string, termed the OBJECT
DESCRIPTOR, to also refer to the object type.
The syntax of an object type defines the abstract data structure
corresponding to that object type. The ASN.1 language is used for
this purpose. However, the SMI [3] purposely restricts the ASN.1
constructs which may be used. These restrictions are explicitly made
for simplicity.
The encoding of an object type is simply how that object type is
represented using the object type's syntax. Implicitly tied to the
notion of an object type's syntax and encoding is how the object type
is represented when being transmitted on the network.
The SMI specifies the use of the basic encoding rules of ASN.1 [8],
subject to the additional requirements imposed by the SNMP.
Malkin & Baker [Page 2]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
2.1 Format of Definitions
Section 4 contains the specification of all object types contained in
this MIB module. The object types are defined using the conventions
defined in the SMI, as amended by the extensions specified in [9].
3. Overview
3.1 Textual Conventions
Several new data types are introduced as a textual convention in this
MIB document. These textual conventions enhance the readability of
the specification and can ease comparison with other specifications
if appropriate. It should be noted that the introduction of the
these textual conventions has no effect on either the syntax nor the
semantics of any managed objects. The use of these is merely an
artifact of the explanatory method used. Objects defined in terms of
one of these methods are always encoded by means of the rules that
define the primitive type. Hence, no changes to the SMI or the SNMP
are necessary to accommodate these textual conventions which are
adopted merely for the convenience of readers and writers in pursuit
of the elusive goal of clear, concise, and unambiguous MIB documents.
The new data type is RouteTag. The RouteTag type represents the
contents of the Route Domain field in the packet header or route
entry.
3.2 Structure of MIB
The RIP-2 MIB contains global counters, useful for detecting the
deleterious effects of RIP incompatibilities; two "interfaces"
tables, which contains interface-specific statistics and
configuration information; and an optional "peer" table, containing
information that may be helpful in debugging neighbor relationships.
Like the protocol itself, this MIB takes great care to preserve
compatibility with RIP-1 systems and controls for monitoring and
controlling system interactions.
3.3 Modifications from RFC 1389
The RIP-2 MIB was originally published in RFC 1389. It encoded the
concept of a Routing Domain, and did not address unnumbered
interfaces.
In the current version of the protocol, Route Domains are deprecated;
therefore, they are deprecated in the MIB as well. This means that
the object rip2IfConfDomain is deprecated, and the object
rip2PeerDomain (which cannot be deprecated, being an instance object)
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RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
must always be zero.
Unnumbered interfaces are supported in this version. Since the IP
Address that the neighbor uses may be unknown to the system, a
pseudo-address is used to identify these interfaces. The pseudo-
address is in the class A network 0.0.0.0, and the host number (the
least significant 24 bits of the address) are the ifIndex value of
the relevant IP Interface. This is an additional new meaning of the
objects rip2IfStatAddress and rip2IfConfAddress, backward compatible
with the RFC 1389 usage. The object rip2IfConfSrcAddress is added,
to permit the configuration of the source address on an unnumbered
interface, and the meaning of the object rip2PeerAddress is broadened
to remain relevant on unnumbered interfaces.
rip2IfConfSend is augmented with two values for the use of Demand RIP
under RIP-I and RIP-II rules. This avoids the necessity of a Demand
RIP MIB.
MD5 Authentication is supported.
Malkin & Baker [Page 4]
RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
4. Definitions
RIPv2-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
IMPORTS
MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE, Counter32,
TimeTicks, IpAddress FROM SNMPv2-SMI
TEXTUAL-CONVENTION, RowStatus FROM SNMPv2-TC
MODULE-COMPLIANCE, OBJECT-GROUP FROM SNMPv2-CONF
mib-2 FROM RFC1213-MIB;
-- This MIB module uses the extended OBJECT-TYPE macro as
-- defined in [9].
rip2 MODULE-IDENTITY
LAST-UPDATED "9407272253Z" -- Wed Jul 27 22:53:04 PDT 1994
ORGANIZATION "IETF RIP-II Working Group"
CONTACT-INFO
" Fred Baker
Postal: Cisco Systems
519 Lado Drive
Santa Barbara, California 93111
Tel: +1 805 681 0115
E-Mail: fbaker@cisco.com
Postal: Gary Malkin
Xylogics, Inc.
53 Third Avenue
Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: (617) 272-8140
EMail: gmalkin@Xylogics.COM"
DESCRIPTION
"The MIB module to describe the RIP2 Version 2 Protocol"
::= { mib-2 23 }
-- RIP-2 Management Information Base
-- the RouteTag type represents the contents of the
-- Route Domain field in the packet header or route entry.
-- The use of the Route Domain is deprecated.
RouteTag ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"the RouteTag type represents the contents of the Route Domain
field in the packet header or route entry"
SYNTAX OCTET STRING (SIZE (2))
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--4.1 Global Counters
-- The RIP-2 Globals Group.
-- Implementation of this group is mandatory for systems
-- which implement RIP-2.
-- These counters are intended to facilitate debugging quickly
-- changing routes or failing neighbors
rip2Globals OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { rip2 1 }
rip2GlobalRouteChanges OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of route changes made to the IP Route
Database by RIP. This does not include the refresh
of a route's age."
::= { rip2Globals 1 }
rip2GlobalQueries OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of responses sent to RIP queries
from other systems."
::= { rip2Globals 2 }
--4.2 RIP Interface Tables
-- RIP Interfaces Groups
-- Implementation of these Groups is mandatory for systems
-- which implement RIP-2.
-- The RIP Interface Status Table.
rip2IfStatTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF Rip2IfStatEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A list of subnets which require separate
status monitoring in RIP."
::= { rip2 2 }
rip2IfStatEntry OBJECT-TYPE
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SYNTAX Rip2IfStatEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A Single Routing Domain in a single Subnet."
INDEX { rip2IfStatAddress }
::= { rip2IfStatTable 1 }
Rip2IfStatEntry ::=
SEQUENCE {
rip2IfStatAddress
IpAddress,
rip2IfStatRcvBadPackets
Counter32,
rip2IfStatRcvBadRoutes
Counter32,
rip2IfStatSentUpdates
Counter32,
rip2IfStatStatus
RowStatus
}
rip2IfStatAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX IpAddress
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The IP Address of this system on the indicated
subnet. For unnumbered interfaces, the value 0.0.0.N,
where the least significant 24 bits (N) is the ifIndex
for the IP Interface in network byte order."
::= { rip2IfStatEntry 1 }
rip2IfStatRcvBadPackets OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of RIP response packets received by
the RIP process which were subsequently discarded
for any reason (e.g. a version 0 packet, or an
unknown command type)."
::= { rip2IfStatEntry 2 }
rip2IfStatRcvBadRoutes OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
Malkin & Baker [Page 7]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
DESCRIPTION
"The number of routes, in valid RIP packets,
which were ignored for any reason (e.g. unknown
address family, or invalid metric)."
::= { rip2IfStatEntry 3 }
rip2IfStatSentUpdates OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of triggered RIP updates actually
sent on this interface. This explicitly does
NOT include full updates sent containing new
information."
::= { rip2IfStatEntry 4 }
rip2IfStatStatus OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX RowStatus
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Writing invalid has the effect of deleting
this interface."
::= { rip2IfStatEntry 5 }
-- The RIP Interface Configuration Table.
rip2IfConfTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF Rip2IfConfEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A list of subnets which require separate
configuration in RIP."
::= { rip2 3 }
rip2IfConfEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Rip2IfConfEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A Single Routing Domain in a single Subnet."
INDEX { rip2IfConfAddress }
::= { rip2IfConfTable 1 }
Rip2IfConfEntry ::=
SEQUENCE {
Malkin & Baker [Page 8]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
rip2IfConfAddress
IpAddress,
rip2IfConfDomain
RouteTag,
rip2IfConfAuthType
INTEGER,
rip2IfConfAuthKey
OCTET STRING (SIZE(0..16)),
rip2IfConfSend
INTEGER,
rip2IfConfReceive
INTEGER,
rip2IfConfDefaultMetric
INTEGER,
rip2IfConfStatus
RowStatus,
rip2IfConfSrcAddress
IpAddress
}
rip2IfConfAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX IpAddress
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The IP Address of this system on the indicated
subnet. For unnumbered interfaces, the value 0.0.0.N,
where the least significant 24 bits (N) is the ifIndex
for the IP Interface in network byte order."
::= { rip2IfConfEntry 1 }
rip2IfConfDomain OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX RouteTag
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS obsolete
DESCRIPTION
"Value inserted into the Routing Domain field
of all RIP packets sent on this interface."
DEFVAL { '0000'h }
::= { rip2IfConfEntry 2 }
rip2IfConfAuthType OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
noAuthentication (1),
simplePassword (2),
md5 (3)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-create
Malkin & Baker [Page 9]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The type of Authentication used on this
interface."
DEFVAL { noAuthentication }
::= { rip2IfConfEntry 3 }
rip2IfConfAuthKey OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX OCTET STRING (SIZE(0..16))
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value to be used as the Authentication Key
whenever the corresponding instance of
rip2IfConfAuthType has a value other than
noAuthentication. A modification of the corresponding
instance of rip2IfConfAuthType does not modify
the rip2IfConfAuthKey value. If a string shorter
than 16 octets is supplied, it will be left-
justified and padded to 16 octets, on the right,
with nulls (0x00).
Reading this object always results in an OCTET
STRING of length zero; authentication may not
be bypassed by reading the MIB object."
DEFVAL { ''h }
::= { rip2IfConfEntry 4 }
rip2IfConfSend OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
doNotSend (1),
ripVersion1 (2),
rip1Compatible (3),
ripVersion2 (4),
ripV1Demand (5),
ripV2Demand (6)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"What the router sends on this interface.
ripVersion1 implies sending RIP updates compliant
with RFC 1058. rip1Compatible implies
broadcasting RIP-2 updates using RFC 1058 route
subsumption rules. ripVersion2 implies
multicasting RIP-2 updates. ripV1Demand indicates
the use of Demand RIP on a WAN interface under RIP
Version 1 rules. ripV2Demand indicates the use of
Malkin & Baker [Page 10]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
Demand RIP on a WAN interface under Version 2 rules."
DEFVAL { rip1Compatible }
::= { rip2IfConfEntry 5 }
rip2IfConfReceive OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
rip1 (1),
rip2 (2),
rip1OrRip2 (3),
doNotRecieve (4)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This indicates which version of RIP updates
are to be accepted. Note that rip2 and
rip1OrRip2 implies reception of multicast
packets."
DEFVAL { rip1OrRip2 }
::= { rip2IfConfEntry 6 }
rip2IfConfDefaultMetric OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER ( 0..15 )
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This variable indicates the metric that is to
be used for the default route entry in RIP updates
originated on this interface. A value of zero
indicates that no default route should be
originated; in this case, a default route via
another router may be propagated."
::= { rip2IfConfEntry 7 }
rip2IfConfStatus OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX RowStatus
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Writing invalid has the effect of deleting
this interface."
::= { rip2IfConfEntry 8 }
rip2IfConfSrcAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX IpAddress
MAX-ACCESS read-create
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
Malkin & Baker [Page 11]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
"The IP Address this system will use as a source
address on this interface. If it is a numbered
interface, this MUST be the same value as
rip2IfConfAddress. On unnumbered interfaces,
it must be the value of rip2IfConfAddress for
some interface on the system."
::= { rip2IfConfEntry 9 }
--4.3 Peer Table
-- Peer Table
-- The RIP Peer Group
-- Implementation of this Group is Optional
-- This group provides information about active peer
-- relationships intended to assist in debugging. An
-- active peer is a router from which a valid RIP
-- updated has been heard in the last 180 seconds.
rip2PeerTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF Rip2PeerEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A list of RIP Peers."
::= { rip2 4 }
rip2PeerEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Rip2PeerEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Information regarding a single routing peer."
INDEX { rip2PeerAddress, rip2PeerDomain }
::= { rip2PeerTable 1 }
Rip2PeerEntry ::=
SEQUENCE {
rip2PeerAddress
IpAddress,
rip2PeerDomain
RouteTag,
rip2PeerLastUpdate
TimeTicks,
rip2PeerVersion
INTEGER,
rip2PeerRcvBadPackets
Malkin & Baker [Page 12]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
Counter32,
rip2PeerRcvBadRoutes
Counter32
}
rip2PeerAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX IpAddress
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The IP Address that the peer is using as its source
address. Note that on an unnumbered link, this may
not be a member of any subnet on the system."
::= { rip2PeerEntry 1 }
rip2PeerDomain OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX RouteTag
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value in the Routing Domain field in RIP
packets received from the peer. As domain suuport
is deprecated, this must be zero."
::= { rip2PeerEntry 2 }
rip2PeerLastUpdate OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeTicks
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of sysUpTime when the most recent
RIP update was received from this system."
::= { rip2PeerEntry 3 }
rip2PeerVersion OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER ( 0..255 )
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The RIP version number in the header of the
last RIP packet received."
::= { rip2PeerEntry 4 }
rip2PeerRcvBadPackets OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
Malkin & Baker [Page 13]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
"The number of RIP response packets from this
peer discarded as invalid."
::= { rip2PeerEntry 5 }
rip2PeerRcvBadRoutes OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of routes from this peer that were
ignored because the entry format was invalid."
::= { rip2PeerEntry 6 }
Malkin & Baker [Page 14]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
-- conformance information
rip2Conformance OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { rip2 5 }
rip2Groups OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { rip2Conformance 1 }
rip2Compliances OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { rip2Conformance 2 }
-- compliance statements
rip2Compliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The compliance statement "
MODULE -- this module
MANDATORY-GROUPS {
rip2GlobalGroup,
rip2IfStatGroup,
rip2IfConfGroup,
rip2PeerGroup
}
GROUP rip2GlobalGroup
DESCRIPTION
"This group defines global controls for RIP-II systems."
GROUP rip2IfStatGroup
DESCRIPTION
"This group defines interface statistics for RIP-II systems."
GROUP rip2IfConfGroup
DESCRIPTION
"This group defines interface configuration for RIP-II systems."
GROUP rip2PeerGroup
DESCRIPTION
"This group defines peer information for RIP-II systems."
::= { rip2Compliances 1 }
Malkin & Baker [Page 15]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
-- units of conformance
rip2GlobalGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
rip2GlobalRouteChanges,
rip2GlobalQueries
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This group defines global controls for RIP-II systems."
::= { rip2Groups 1 }
rip2IfStatGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
rip2IfStatAddress,
rip2IfStatRcvBadPackets,
rip2IfStatRcvBadRoutes,
rip2IfStatSentUpdates,
rip2IfStatStatus
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This group defines interface statistics for RIP-II systems."
::= { rip2Groups 2 }
rip2IfConfGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
rip2IfConfAddress,
rip2IfConfAuthType,
rip2IfConfAuthKey,
rip2IfConfSend,
rip2IfConfReceive,
rip2IfConfDefaultMetric,
rip2IfConfStatus,
rip2IfConfSrcAddress
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This group defines interface configuration for RIP-II systems."
::= { rip2Groups 3 }
rip2PeerGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
rip2PeerAddress,
rip2PeerDomain,
rip2PeerLastUpdate,
rip2PeerVersion,
rip2PeerRcvBadPackets,
rip2PeerRcvBadRoutes
}
STATUS current
Malkin & Baker [Page 16]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
DESCRIPTION
"This group defines peer information for RIP-II systems."
::= { rip2Groups 4 }
END
5. References
[1] Cerf, V., "IAB Recommendations for the Development of Internet
Network Management Standards", RFC 1052, IAB, April 1988.
[2] Cerf, V., "Report of the Second Ad Hoc Network Management Review
Group", RFC 1109, IAB, August 1989.
[3] Rose M., and K. McCloghrie, "Structure and Identification of
Management Information for TCP/IP-based internets", STD 16, RFC
1155, Performance Systems International, Hughes LAN Systems, May
1990.
[4] McCloghrie K., and M. Rose, "Management Information Base for
Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets", RFC 1156, Hughes
LAN Systems, Performance Systems International, May 1990.
[5] Case, J., Fedor, M., Schoffstall, M., and J. Davin, "Simple
Network Management Protocol", STD 15, RFC 1157, SNMP Research,
Performance Systems International, Performance Systems
International, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, May 1990.
[6] Rose, M., Editor, "Management Information Base for Network
Management of TCP/IP-based internets: MIB-II", RFC 1158,
Performance Systems International, May 1990.
[7] Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection -
Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1),
International Organization for Standardization, International
Standard 8824, December 1987.
[8] Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection -
Specification of Basic Encoding Rules for Abstract Notation One
(ASN.1), International Organization for Standardization,
International Standard 8825, December 1987.
[9] Rose, M., and K. McCloghrie, Editors, "Concise MIB Definitions",
STD 16, RFC 1212, Performance Systems International, Hughes LAN
Systems, March 1991.
[10] Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2 - Carrying Additional Information",
RFC 1723, Xylogics, Inc., November 1994.
Malkin & Baker [Page 17]RFC 1724 RIP-2 MIB Extension November 1994
[11] Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2 Protocol Analysis", RFC 1721,
Xylogics, Inc., November 1994.
[12] Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2 Protocol Applicability Statement", RFC
1722, Xylogics, Inc., November 1994.
6. Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
7. Authors' Addresses
Gary Malkin
Xylogics, Inc.
53 Third Avenue
Burlington, MA 01803
Phone: (617) 272-8140
EMail: gmalkin@Xylogics.COM
Fred Baker
Cisco Systems
519 Lado Drive
Santa Barbara, California 93111
Phone: 805-681-0115
EMail: fred@cisco.com
Malkin & Baker [Page 18]
