Network Working Group C. Newman
Request for Comments: 2595 Innosoft
Category: Standards Track June 1999
Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
1. Motivation
The TLS protocol (formerly known as SSL) provides a way to secure an
application protocol from tampering and eavesdropping. The option of
using such security is desirable for IMAP, POP and ACAP due to common
connection eavesdropping and hijacking attacks [AUTH]. Although
advanced SASL authentication mechanisms can provide a lightweight
version of this service, TLS is complimentary to simple
authentication-only SASL mechanisms or deployed clear-text password
login commands.
Many sites have a high investment in authentication infrastructure
(e.g., a large database of a one-way-function applied to user
passwords), so a privacy layer which is not tightly bound to user
authentication can protect against network eavesdropping attacks
without requiring a new authentication infrastructure and/or forcing
all users to change their password. Recognizing that such sites will
desire simple password authentication in combination with TLS
encryption, this specification defines the PLAIN SASL mechanism for
use with protocols which lack a simple password authentication
command such as ACAP and SMTP. (Note there is a separate RFC for the
STARTTLS command in SMTP [SMTPTLS].)
There is a strong desire in the IETF to eliminate the transmission of
clear-text passwords over unencrypted channels. While SASL can be
used for this purpose, TLS provides an additional tool with different
deployability characteristics. A server supporting both TLS with
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simple passwords and a challenge/response SASL mechanism is likely to
interoperate with a wide variety of clients without resorting to
unencrypted clear-text passwords.
The STARTTLS command rectifies a number of the problems with using a
separate port for a "secure" protocol variant. Some of these are
mentioned in section 7.
1.1. Conventions Used in this Document
The key words "REQUIRED", "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
"MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as
described in "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels" [KEYWORDS].
Terms related to authentication are defined in "On Internet
Authentication" [AUTH].
Formal syntax is defined using ABNF [ABNF].
In examples, "C:" and "S:" indicate lines sent by the client and
server respectively.
2. Basic Interoperability and Security Requirements
The following requirements apply to all implementations of the
STARTTLS extension for IMAP, POP3 and ACAP.
2.1. Cipher Suite Requirements
Implementation of the TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA [TLS] cipher
suite is REQUIRED. This is important as it assures that any two
compliant implementations can be configured to interoperate.
All other cipher suites are OPTIONAL.
2.2. Privacy Operational Mode Security Requirements
Both clients and servers SHOULD have a privacy operational mode which
refuses authentication unless successful activation of an encryption
layer (such as that provided by TLS) occurs prior to or at the time
of authentication and which will terminate the connection if that
encryption layer is deactivated. Implementations are encouraged to
have flexability with respect to the minimal encryption strength or
cipher suites permitted. A minimalist approach to this
recommendation would be an operational mode where the
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA cipher suite is mandatory prior to
permitting authentication.
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RFC 2595 Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP June 1999
Clients MAY have an operational mode which uses encryption only when
it is advertised by the server, but authentication continues
regardless. For backwards compatibility, servers SHOULD have an
operational mode where only the authentication mechanisms required by
the relevant base protocol specification are needed to successfully
authenticate.
2.3. Clear-Text Password Requirements
Clients and servers which implement STARTTLS MUST be configurable to
refuse all clear-text login commands or mechanisms (including both
standards-track and nonstandard mechanisms) unless an encryption
layer of adequate strength is active. Servers which allow
unencrypted clear-text logins SHOULD be configurable to refuse
clear-text logins both for the entire server, and on a per-user
basis.
2.4. Server Identity Check
During the TLS negotiation, the client MUST check its understanding
of the server hostname against the server's identity as presented in
the server Certificate message, in order to prevent man-in-the-middle
attacks. Matching is performed according to these rules:
- The client MUST use the server hostname it used to open the
connection as the value to compare against the server name as
expressed in the server certificate. The client MUST NOT use any
form of the server hostname derived from an insecure remote source
(e.g., insecure DNS lookup). CNAME canonicalization is not done.
- If a subjectAltName extension of type dNSName is present in the
certificate, it SHOULD be used as the source of the server's
identity.
- Matching is case-insensitive.
- A "*" wildcard character MAY be used as the left-most name
component in the certificate. For example, *.example.com would
match a.example.com, foo.example.com, etc. but would not match
example.com.
- If the certificate contains multiple names (e.g. more than one
dNSName field), then a match with any one of the fields is
considered acceptable.
If the match fails, the client SHOULD either ask for explicit user
confirmation, or terminate the connection and indicate the server's
identity is suspect.
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2.5. TLS Security Policy Check
Both the client and server MUST check the result of the STARTTLS
command and subsequent TLS negotiation to see whether acceptable
authentication or privacy was achieved. Ignoring this step
completely invalidates using TLS for security. The decision about
whether acceptable authentication or privacy was achieved is made
locally, is implementation-dependent, and is beyond the scope of this
document.
3. IMAP STARTTLS extension
When the TLS extension is present in IMAP, "STARTTLS" is listed as a
capability in response to the CAPABILITY command. This extension
adds a single command, "STARTTLS" to the IMAP protocol which is used
to begin a TLS negotiation.
3.1. STARTTLS Command
Arguments: none
Responses: no specific responses for this command
Result: OK - begin TLS negotiation
BAD - command unknown or arguments invalid
A TLS negotiation begins immediately after the CRLF at the end of
the tagged OK response from the server. Once a client issues a
STARTTLS command, it MUST NOT issue further commands until a
server response is seen and the TLS negotiation is complete.
The STARTTLS command is only valid in non-authenticated state.
The server remains in non-authenticated state, even if client
credentials are supplied during the TLS negotiation. The SASL
[SASL] EXTERNAL mechanism MAY be used to authenticate once TLS
client credentials are successfully exchanged, but servers
supporting the STARTTLS command are not required to support the
EXTERNAL mechanism.
Once TLS has been started, the client MUST discard cached
information about server capabilities and SHOULD re-issue the
CAPABILITY command. This is necessary to protect against
man-in-the-middle attacks which alter the capabilities list prior
to STARTTLS. The server MAY advertise different capabilities
after STARTTLS.
The formal syntax for IMAP is amended as follows:
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command_any =/ "STARTTLS"
Example: C: a001 CAPABILITY
S: * CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 STARTTLS LOGINDISABLED
S: a001 OK CAPABILITY completed
C: a002 STARTTLS
S: a002 OK Begin TLS negotiation now
<TLS negotiation, further commands are under TLS layer>
C: a003 CAPABILITY
S: * CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1 AUTH=EXTERNAL
S: a003 OK CAPABILITY completed
C: a004 LOGIN joe password
S: a004 OK LOGIN completed
3.2. IMAP LOGINDISABLED capability
The current IMAP protocol specification (RFC 2060) requires the
implementation of the LOGIN command which uses clear-text passwords.
Many sites may choose to disable this command unless encryption is
active for security reasons. An IMAP server MAY advertise that the
LOGIN command is disabled by including the LOGINDISABLED capability
in the capability response. Such a server will respond with a tagged
"NO" response to any attempt to use the LOGIN command.
An IMAP server which implements STARTTLS MUST implement support for
the LOGINDISABLED capability on unencrypted connections.
An IMAP client which complies with this specification MUST NOT issue
the LOGIN command if this capability is present.
This capability is useful to prevent clients compliant with this
specification from sending an unencrypted password in an environment
subject to passive attacks. It has no impact on an environment
subject to active attacks as a man-in-the-middle attacker can remove
this capability. Therefore this does not relieve clients of the need
to follow the privacy mode recommendation in section 2.2.
Servers advertising this capability will fail to interoperate with
many existing compliant IMAP clients and will be unable to prevent
those clients from disclosing the user's password.
4. POP3 STARTTLS extension
The POP3 STARTTLS extension adds the STLS command to POP3 servers.
If this is implemented, the POP3 extension mechanism [POP3EXT] MUST
also be implemented to avoid the need for client probing of multiple
commands. The capability name "STLS" indicates this command is
present and permitted in the current state.
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STLS
Arguments: none
Restrictions:
Only permitted in AUTHORIZATION state.
Discussion:
A TLS negotiation begins immediately after the CRLF at the
end of the +OK response from the server. A -ERR response
MAY result if a security layer is already active. Once a
client issues a STLS command, it MUST NOT issue further
commands until a server response is seen and the TLS
negotiation is complete.
The STLS command is only permitted in AUTHORIZATION state
and the server remains in AUTHORIZATION state, even if
client credentials are supplied during the TLS negotiation.
The AUTH command [POP-AUTH] with the EXTERNAL mechanism
[SASL] MAY be used to authenticate once TLS client
credentials are successfully exchanged, but servers
supporting the STLS command are not required to support the
EXTERNAL mechanism.
Once TLS has been started, the client MUST discard cached
information about server capabilities and SHOULD re-issue
the CAPA command. This is necessary to protect against
man-in-the-middle attacks which alter the capabilities list
prior to STLS. The server MAY advertise different
capabilities after STLS.
Possible Responses:
+OK -ERR
Examples:
C: STLS
S: +OK Begin TLS negotiation
<TLS negotiation, further commands are under TLS layer>
...
C: STLS
S: -ERR Command not permitted when TLS active
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5. ACAP STARTTLS extension
When the TLS extension is present in ACAP, "STARTTLS" is listed as a
capability in the ACAP greeting. No arguments to this capability are
defined at this time. This extension adds a single command,
"STARTTLS" to the ACAP protocol which is used to begin a TLS
negotiation.
5.1. STARTTLS Command
Arguments: none
Responses: no specific responses for this command
Result: OK - begin TLS negotiation
BAD - command unknown or arguments invalid
A TLS negotiation begins immediately after the CRLF at the end of
the tagged OK response from the server. Once a client issues a
STARTTLS command, it MUST NOT issue further commands until a
server response is seen and the TLS negotiation is complete.
The STARTTLS command is only valid in non-authenticated state.
The server remains in non-authenticated state, even if client
credentials are supplied during the TLS negotiation. The SASL
[SASL] EXTERNAL mechanism MAY be used to authenticate once TLS
client credentials are successfully exchanged, but servers
supporting the STARTTLS command are not required to support the
EXTERNAL mechanism.
After the TLS layer is established, the server MUST re-issue an
untagged ACAP greeting. This is necessary to protect against
man-in-the-middle attacks which alter the capabilities list prior
to STARTTLS. The client MUST discard cached capability
information and replace it with the information from the new ACAP
greeting. The server MAY advertise different capabilities after
STARTTLS.
The formal syntax for ACAP is amended as follows:
command_any =/ "STARTTLS"
Example: S: * ACAP (SASL "CRAM-MD5") (STARTTLS)
C: a002 STARTTLS
S: a002 OK "Begin TLS negotiation now"
<TLS negotiation, further commands are under TLS layer>
S: * ACAP (SASL "CRAM-MD5" "PLAIN" "EXTERNAL")
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6. PLAIN SASL mechanism
Clear-text passwords are simple, interoperate with almost all
existing operating system authentication databases, and are useful
for a smooth transition to a more secure password-based
authentication mechanism. The drawback is that they are unacceptable
for use over an unencrypted network connection.
This defines the "PLAIN" SASL mechanism for use with ACAP and other
protocols with no clear-text login command. The PLAIN SASL mechanism
MUST NOT be advertised or used unless a strong encryption layer (such
as the provided by TLS) is active or backwards compatibility dictates
otherwise.
The mechanism consists of a single message from the client to the
server. The client sends the authorization identity (identity to
login as), followed by a US-ASCII NUL character, followed by the
authentication identity (identity whose password will be used),
followed by a US-ASCII NUL character, followed by the clear-text
password. The client may leave the authorization identity empty to
indicate that it is the same as the authentication identity.
The server will verify the authentication identity and password with
the system authentication database and verify that the authentication
credentials permit the client to login as the authorization identity.
If both steps succeed, the user is logged in.
The server MAY also use the password to initialize any new
authentication database, such as one suitable for CRAM-MD5
[CRAM-MD5].
Non-US-ASCII characters are permitted as long as they are represented
in UTF-8 [UTF-8]. Use of non-visible characters or characters which
a user may be unable to enter on some keyboards is discouraged.
The formal grammar for the client message using Augmented BNF [ABNF]
follows.
message = [authorize-id] NUL authenticate-id NUL password
authenticate-id = 1*UTF8-SAFE ; MUST accept up to 255 octets
authorize-id = 1*UTF8-SAFE ; MUST accept up to 255 octets
password = 1*UTF8-SAFE ; MUST accept up to 255 octets
NUL = %x00
UTF8-SAFE = %x01-09 / %x0B-0C / %x0E-7F / UTF8-2 /
UTF8-3 / UTF8-4 / UTF8-5 / UTF8-6
UTF8-1 = %x80-BF
UTF8-2 = %xC0-DF UTF8-1
UTF8-3 = %xE0-EF 2UTF8-1
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UTF8-4 = %xF0-F7 3UTF8-1
UTF8-5 = %xF8-FB 4UTF8-1
UTF8-6 = %xFC-FD 5UTF8-1
Here is an example of how this might be used to initialize a CRAM-MD5
authentication database for ACAP:
Example: S: * ACAP (SASL "CRAM-MD5") (STARTTLS)
C: a001 AUTHENTICATE "CRAM-MD5"
S: + "<1896.697170952@postoffice.reston.mci.net>"
C: "tim b913a602c7eda7a495b4e6e7334d3890"
S: a001 NO (TRANSITION-NEEDED)
"Please change your password, or use TLS to login"
C: a002 STARTTLS
S: a002 OK "Begin TLS negotiation now"
<TLS negotiation, further commands are under TLS layer>
S: * ACAP (SASL "CRAM-MD5" "PLAIN" "EXTERNAL")
C: a003 AUTHENTICATE "PLAIN" {21+}
C: <NUL>tim<NUL>tanstaaftanstaaf
S: a003 OK CRAM-MD5 password initialized
Note: In this example, <NUL> represents a single ASCII NUL octet.
7. imaps and pop3s ports
Separate "imaps" and "pop3s" ports were registered for use with SSL.
Use of these ports is discouraged in favor of the STARTTLS or STLS
commands.
A number of problems have been observed with separate ports for
"secure" variants of protocols. This is an attempt to enumerate some
of those problems.
- Separate ports lead to a separate URL scheme which intrudes into
the user interface in inappropriate ways. For example, many web
pages use language like "click here if your browser supports SSL."
This is a decision the browser is often more capable of making than
the user.
- Separate ports imply a model of either "secure" or "not secure."
This can be misleading in a number of ways. First, the "secure"
port may not in fact be acceptably secure as an export-crippled
cipher suite might be in use. This can mislead users into a false
sense of security. Second, the normal port might in fact be
secured by using a SASL mechanism which includes a security layer.
Thus the separate port distinction makes the complex topic of
security policy even more confusing. One common result of this
confusion is that firewall administrators are often misled into
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permitting the "secure" port and blocking the standard port. This
could be a poor choice given the common use of SSL with a 40-bit
key encryption layer and plain-text password authentication is less
secure than strong SASL mechanisms such as GSSAPI with Kerberos 5.
- Use of separate ports for SSL has caused clients to implement only
two security policies: use SSL or don't use SSL. The desirable
security policy "use TLS when available" would be cumbersome with
the separate port model, but is simple with STARTTLS.
- Port numbers are a limited resource. While they are not yet in
short supply, it is unwise to set a precedent that could double (or
worse) the speed of their consumption.
8. IANA Considerations
This constitutes registration of the "STARTTLS" and "LOGINDISABLED"
IMAP capabilities as required by section 7.2.1 of RFC 2060 [IMAP].
The registration for the POP3 "STLS" capability follows:
CAPA tag: STLS
Arguments: none
Added commands: STLS
Standard commands affected: May enable USER/PASS as a side-effect.
CAPA command SHOULD be re-issued after successful completion.
Announced states/Valid states: AUTHORIZATION state only.
Specification reference: this memo
The registration for the ACAP "STARTTLS" capability follows:
Capability name: STARTTLS
Capability keyword: STARTTLS
Capability arguments: none
Published Specification(s): this memo
Person and email address for further information:
see author's address section below
The registration for the PLAIN SASL mechanism follows:
SASL mechanism name: PLAIN
Security Considerations: See section 9 of this memo
Published specification: this memo
Person & email address to contact for further information:
see author's address section below
Intended usage: COMMON
Author/Change controller: see author's address section below
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9. Security Considerations
TLS only provides protection for data sent over a network connection.
Messages transferred over IMAP or POP3 are still available to server
administrators and usually subject to eavesdropping, tampering and
forgery when transmitted through SMTP or NNTP. TLS is no substitute
for an end-to-end message security mechanism using MIME security
multiparts [MIME-SEC].
A man-in-the-middle attacker can remove STARTTLS from the capability
list or generate a failure response to the STARTTLS command. In
order to detect such an attack, clients SHOULD warn the user when
session privacy is not active and/or be configurable to refuse to
proceed without an acceptable level of security.
A man-in-the-middle attacker can always cause a down-negotiation to
the weakest authentication mechanism or cipher suite available. For
this reason, implementations SHOULD be configurable to refuse weak
mechanisms or cipher suites.
Any protocol interactions prior to the TLS handshake are performed in
the clear and can be modified by a man-in-the-middle attacker. For
this reason, clients MUST discard cached information about server
capabilities advertised prior to the start of the TLS handshake.
Clients are encouraged to clearly indicate when the level of
encryption active is known to be vulnerable to attack using modern
hardware (such as encryption keys with 56 bits of entropy or less).
The LOGINDISABLED IMAP capability (discussed in section 3.2) only
reduces the potential for passive attacks, it provides no protection
against active attacks. The responsibility remains with the client
to avoid sending a password over a vulnerable channel.
The PLAIN mechanism relies on the TLS encryption layer for security.
When used without TLS, it is vulnerable to a common network
eavesdropping attack. Therefore PLAIN MUST NOT be advertised or used
unless a suitable TLS encryption layer is active or backwards
compatibility dictates otherwise.
When the PLAIN mechanism is used, the server gains the ability to
impersonate the user to all services with the same password
regardless of any encryption provided by TLS or other network privacy
mechanisms. While many other authentication mechanisms have similar
weaknesses, stronger SASL mechanisms such as Kerberos address this
issue. Clients are encouraged to have an operational mode where all
mechanisms which are likely to reveal the user's password to the
server are disabled.
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RFC 2595 Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP June 1999
The security considerations for TLS apply to STARTTLS and the
security considerations for SASL apply to the PLAIN mechanism.
Additional security requirements are discussed in section 2.
10. References
[ABNF] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
[ACAP] Newman, C. and J. Myers, "ACAP -- Application
Configuration Access Protocol", RFC 2244, November 1997.
[AUTH] Haller, N. and R. Atkinson, "On Internet Authentication",
RFC 1704, October 1994.
[CRAM-MD5] Klensin, J., Catoe, R. and P. Krumviede, "IMAP/POP
AUTHorize Extension for Simple Challenge/Response", RFC
2195, September 1997.
[IMAP] Crispin, M., "Internet Message Access Protocol - Version
4rev1", RFC 2060, December 1996.
[KEYWORDS] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[MIME-SEC] Galvin, J., Murphy, S., Crocker, S. and N. Freed,
"Security Multiparts for MIME: Multipart/Signed and
Multipart/Encrypted", RFC 1847, October 1995.
[POP3] Myers, J. and M. Rose, "Post Office Protocol - Version 3",
STD 53, RFC 1939, May 1996.
[POP3EXT] Gellens, R., Newman, C. and L. Lundblade, "POP3 Extension
Mechanism", RFC 2449, November 1998.
[POP-AUTH] Myers, J., "POP3 AUTHentication command", RFC 1734,
December 1994.
[SASL] Myers, J., "Simple Authentication and Security Layer
(SASL)", RFC 2222, October 1997.
[SMTPTLS] Hoffman, P., "SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over
TLS", RFC 2487, January 1999.
[TLS] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
RFC 2246, January 1999.
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[UTF-8] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", RFC 2279, January 1998.
11. Author's Address
Chris Newman
Innosoft International, Inc.
1050 Lakes Drive
West Covina, CA 91790 USA
EMail: chris.newman@innosoft.com
A. Appendix -- Compliance Checklist
An implementation is not compliant if it fails to satisfy one or more
of the MUST requirements for the protocols it implements. An
implementation that satisfies all the MUST and all the SHOULD
requirements for its protocols is said to be "unconditionally
compliant"; one that satisfies all the MUST requirements but not all
the SHOULD requirements for its protocols is said to be
"conditionally compliant".
Rules Section
----- -------
Mandatory-to-implement Cipher Suite 2.1
SHOULD have mode where encryption required 2.2
server SHOULD have mode where TLS not required 2.2
MUST be configurable to refuse all clear-text login
commands or mechanisms 2.3
server SHOULD be configurable to refuse clear-text
login commands on entire server and on per-user basis 2.3
client MUST check server identity 2.4
client MUST use hostname used to open connection 2.4
client MUST NOT use hostname from insecure remote lookup 2.4
client SHOULD support subjectAltName of dNSName type 2.4
client SHOULD ask for confirmation or terminate on fail 2.4
MUST check result of STARTTLS for acceptable privacy 2.5
client MUST NOT issue commands after STARTTLS
until server response and negotiation done 3.1,4,5.1
client MUST discard cached information 3.1,4,5.1,9
client SHOULD re-issue CAPABILITY/CAPA command 3.1,4
IMAP server with STARTTLS MUST implement LOGINDISABLED 3.2
IMAP client MUST NOT issue LOGIN if LOGINDISABLED 3.2
POP server MUST implement POP3 extensions 4
ACAP server MUST re-issue ACAP greeting 5.1
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client SHOULD warn when session privacy not active and/or
refuse to proceed without acceptable security level 9
SHOULD be configurable to refuse weak mechanisms or
cipher suites 9
The PLAIN mechanism is an optional part of this specification.
However if it is implemented the following rules apply:
Rules Section
----- -------
MUST NOT use PLAIN unless strong encryption active
or backwards compatibility dictates otherwise 6,9
MUST use UTF-8 encoding for characters in PLAIN 6
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Full Copyright Statement
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