Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) B. Linowski
Request for Comments: 6095 TCS/Nokia Siemens Networks
Category: Experimental M. Ersue
ISSN: 2070-1721 Nokia Siemens Networks
S. Kuryla
360 Treasury Systems
March 2011
Extending YANG with Language Abstractions
Abstract
YANG -- the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) Data Modeling
Language -- supports modeling of a tree of data elements that
represent the configuration and runtime status of a particular
network element managed via NETCONF. This memo suggests enhancing
YANG with supplementary modeling features and language abstractions
with the aim to improve the model extensibility and reuse.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for examination, experimental implementation, and
evaluation.
This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF
community. It has received public review and has been approved for
publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not
all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of
Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6095.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 1]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Key Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Modeling Improvements with Language Abstractions . . . . . 5
1.4. Design Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5. Modeling Resource Models with YANG . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.1. Example of a Physical Network Resource Model . . . . . 6
1.5.2. Modeling Entity MIB Entries as Physical Resources . . 12
2. Complex Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2. complex-type Extension Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3. instance Extension Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4. instance-list Extension Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5. extends Extension Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6. abstract Extension Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.7. XML Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.8. Type Encoding Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.9. Extension and Feature Definition Module . . . . . . . . . 21
2.10. Example Model for Complex Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.11. NETCONF Payload Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.12. Update Rules for Modules Using Complex Types . . . . . . . 26
2.13. Using Complex Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.13.1. Overriding Complex Type Data Nodes . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.13.2. Augmenting Complex Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.13.3. Controlling the Use of Complex Types . . . . . . . . . 28
3. Typed Instance Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2. instance-type Extension Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3. Typed Instance Identifier Example . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 2]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Appendix A. YANG Modules for Physical Network Resource Model
and Hardware Entities Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Appendix B. Example YANG Module for the IPFIX/PSAMP Model . . . . 40
B.1. Modeling Improvements for the IPFIX/PSAMP Model with
Complex Types and Typed Instance Identifiers . . . . . . . 40
B.2. IPFIX/PSAMP Model with Complex Types and Typed
Instance Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1. Introduction
YANG -- the NETCONF Data Modeling Language [RFC6020] -- supports
modeling of a tree of data elements that represent the configuration
and runtime status of a particular network element managed via
NETCONF. This document defines extensions for the modeling language
YANG as new language statements, which introduce language
abstractions to improve the model extensibility and reuse. The
document reports from modeling experience in the telecommunication
industry and gives model examples from an actual network management
system to highlight the value of proposed language extensions,
especially class inheritance and recursiveness. The language
extensions defined in this document have been implemented with two
open source tools. These tools have been used to validate the model
examples through the document. If this experimental specification
results in successful usage, it is possible that the language
extensions defined herein could be updated to incorporate
implementation and deployment experience, then pursued on the
Standards Track, possibly as part of a future version of YANG.
1.1. Key Words
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14, [RFC2119].
1.2. Motivation
Following are non-exhaustive motivation examples highlighting usage
scenarios for language abstractions.
o Many systems today have a Management Information Base (MIB) that
in effect is organized as a tree build of recursively nested
container nodes. For example, the physical resources in the
ENTITY-MIB conceptually form a containment tree. The index
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 3]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
entPhysicalContainedIn points to the containing entity in a flat
list. The ability to represent nested, recursive data structures
of arbitrary depth would enable the representation of the primary
containment hierarchy of physical entities as a node tree in the
server MIB and in the NETCONF payload.
o A manager scanning the network in order to update the state of an
inventory management system might be only interested in data
structures that represent a specific type of hardware. Such a
manager would then look for entities that are of this specific
type, including those that are an extension or specialization of
this type. To support this use case, it is helpful to bear the
corresponding type information within the data structures, which
describe the network element hardware.
o A system that is managing network elements is concerned, e.g.,
with managed objects of type "plug-in modules" that have a name, a
version, and an activation state. In this context, it is useful
to define the "plug-in module" as a concept that is supposed to be
further detailed and extended by additional concrete model
elements. In order to realize such a system, it is worthwhile to
model abstract entities, which enable reuse and ease concrete
refinements of that abstract entity in a second step.
o As particular network elements have specific types of components
that need to be managed (OS images, plug-in modules, equipment,
etc.), it should be possible to define concrete types, which
describe the managed object precisely. By using type-safe
extensions of basic concepts, a system in the manager role can
safely and explicitly determine that e.g., the "equipment" is
actually of type "network card".
o Currently, different SDOs are working on the harmonization of
their management information models. Often, a model mapping or
transformation between systems becomes necessary. The
harmonization of the models is done e.g., by mapping of the two
models on the object level or integrating an object hierarchy into
an existing information model. On the one hand, extending YANG
with language abstractions can simplify the adoption of IETF
resource models by other SDOs and facilitate the alignment with
other SDOs' resource models (e.g., TM Forum SID [SID_V8]). On the
other hand, the proposed YANG extensions can enable the
utilization of the YANG modeling language in other SDOs, which
usually model complex management systems in a top-down manner and
use high-level language features frequently.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 4]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
This memo specifies additional modeling features for the YANG
language in the area of structured model abstractions, typed
references, as well as recursive data structures, and it discusses
how these new features can improve the modeling capabilities of YANG.
Section 1.5.1 contains a physical resource model that deals with some
of the modeling challenges illustrated above. Section 1.5.2 gives an
example that uses the base classes defined in the physical resource
model and derives a model for physical entities defined in the Entity
MIB.
1.3. Modeling Improvements with Language Abstractions
As an enhancement to YANG 1.0, complex types and typed instance
identifiers provide different technical improvements on the modeling
level:
o In case the model of a system that should be managed with NETCONF
makes use of inheritance, complex types enable an almost one-to-
one mapping between the classes in the original model and the YANG
module.
o Typed instance identifiers allow representing associations between
the concepts in a type-safe way to prevent type errors caused by
referring to data nodes of incompatible types. This avoids
referring to a particular location in the MIB. Referring to a
particular location in the MIB is not mandated by the domain
model.
o Complex types allow defining complete, self-contained type
definitions. It is not necessary to explicitly add a key
statement to lists, which use a grouping that defines the data
nodes.
o Complex types simplify concept refinement by extending a base
complex type and make it superfluous to represent concept
refinements with workarounds such as huge choice-statements with
complex branches.
o Abstract complex types ensure correct usage of abstract concepts
by enforcing the refinement of a common set of properties before
instantiation.
o Complex types allow defining recursive structures. This enables
representing complex structures of arbitrary depth by nesting
instances of basic complex types that may contain themselves.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 5]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
o Complex types avoid introducing metadata types (e.g., type code
enumerations) and metadata leafs (e.g., leafs containing a type
code) to indicate which concrete type of object is actually
represented by a generic container in the MIB. This also avoids
explicitly ruling out illegal use of subtype-specific properties
in generic containers.
o Complex type instances include the type information in the NETCONF
payload. This allows determining the actual type of an instance
during the NETCONF payload parsing and avoids the use in the model
of additional leafs, which provide the type information as
content.
o Complex types may be declared explicitly as optional features,
which is not possible when the actual type of an entity
represented by a generic container is indicated with a type code
enumeration.
Appendix B, "Example YANG Module for the IPFIX/PSAMP Model", lists
technical improvements for modeling with complex types and typed
instance identifiers and exemplifies the usage of the proposed YANG
extensions based on the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) / Packet
Sampling (PSAMP) configuration model in [IPFIXCONF].
1.4. Design Approach
The proposed additional features for YANG in this memo are designed
to reuse existing YANG statements whenever possible. Additional
semantics is expressed by an extension that is supposed to be used as
a substatement of an existing statement.
The proposed features don't change the semantics of models that is
valid with respect to the YANG specification [RFC6020].
1.5. Modeling Resource Models with YANG
1.5.1. Example of a Physical Network Resource Model
The diagram below depicts a portion of an information model for
manageable network resources used in an actual network management
system.
Note: The referenced model (UDM, Unified Data Model) is based on key
resource modeling concepts from [SID_V8] and is compliant with
selected parts of SID Resource Abstract Business Entities domain
[UDM].
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 6]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
The class diagram in Figure 1 and the corresponding YANG module
excerpt focus on basic resource ("Resource" and the distinction
between logical and physical resources) and hardware abstractions
("Hardware", "Equipment", and "EquipmentHolder"). Class attributes
were omitted to achieve decent readability.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 7]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
+--------+
|Resource|
+--------+
/\ /\
-- --
| |
| +---------------+
| |LogicalResource|
| +---------------+
|
| +--------+
| |Physical| +-----------+
'-|Resource|<|-+-|PhysicalLink|
+---- ---+ | +------------+
| |0..* physicalLink
| | equipment
| | Holder
| | 0..*
| | +-------+
| |0..* hardware | |
| +--------+ +---------------+ +---------+ |
'-|Hardware|<|-+-|ManagedHardware|<|-+-|Equipment|<>--+
+--------+ | +---------------+ | | Holder |0..1
<> | | +---------+
0..1| | | <>
| | | |0..* equipment
| | | | Holder
| | | |
| | | |0..* equipment
| | | |
| | | | equipment
| | | | 0..*
| | | | +-------+
| | | | | |
| | | +---------+ |
| | '-|Equipment|<>--+
| | +---------+0..1
| | compositeEquipment
| |
| | +-----------------+
| '-|PhysicalConnector|----+0..* source
'----------+-----------------+ | Physical
physicalConnector 0..* | | Connector
| |
+-----------+
0..* targetPhysicalConnector
Figure 1: Physical Network Resource Model
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Since this model is an abstraction of network-element-specific MIB
topologies, modeling it with YANG creates some challenges. Some of
these challenges and how they can be addressed with complex types are
explained below:
o Modeling of abstract concepts: Classes like "Resource" represent
concepts that primarily serve as a base class for derived classes.
With complex types, such an abstract concept could be represented
by an abstract complex type (see "complex-type extension
statement" and "abstract extension statement").
o Class Inheritance: Information models for complex management
domains often use class inheritance to create specialized classes
like "PhysicalConnector" from a more generic base class (here,
"Hardware"), which itself might inherit from another base class
("PhysicalResource"), etc. Complex types allow creating enhanced
versions of an existing (abstract or concrete) base type via an
extension (see "extends extension statement").
o Recursive containment: In order to specify containment
hierarchies, models frequently contain different aggregation
associations, in which the target (contained element) is either
the containing class itself or a base class of the containing
class. In the model above, the recursive containment of
"EquipmentHolder" is an example of such a relationship (see the
description for the "complex-type EquipmentHolder" in the example
model "udmcore" below).
o Complex types support such a containment by using a complex type
(or one of its ancestor types) as the type of an instance or
instance list that is part of its definition (see "instance(-list)
extension statement").
o Reference relationships: A key requirement on large models for
network domains with many related managed objects is the ability
to define inter-class associations that represent essential
relationships between instances of such a class. For example, the
relationship between "PhysicalLink" and "Hardware" tells which
physical link is connecting which hardware resources. It is
important to notice that this kind of relationship does not
mandate any particular location of the two connected hardware
instances in any MIB module. Such containment-agnostic
relationships can be represented by a typed instance identifier
that embodies one direction of such an association (see Section 3,
"Typed Instance Identifier").
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The YANG module excerpt below shows how the challenges listed above
can be addressed by the Complex Types extension (module import prefix
"ct:"). The complete YANG module for the physical resource model in
Figure 1 can be found in Appendix A, "YANG Modules for Physical
Network Resource Model and Hardware Entities Model".
Note: The YANG extensions proposed in this document have been
implemented as the open source tools "Pyang Extension for Complex
Types" [Pyang-ct], [Pyang], and "Libsmi Extension for Complex Types"
[Libsmi]. All model examples in the document have been validated
with the tools Pyang-ct and Libsmi.
<CODE BEGINS>
module udmcore {
namespace "http://example.com/udmcore";
prefix "udm";
import ietf-complex-types {prefix "ct"; }
// Basic complex types...
ct:complex-type PhysicalResource {
ct:extends Resource;
ct:abstract true;
// ...
leaf serialNumber {
type string;
description "'Manufacturer-allocated part number' as
defined in SID, e.g., the part number of a fiber link
cable.";
}
}
ct:complex-type Hardware {
ct:extends PhysicalResource;
ct:abstract true;
// ...
leaf-list physicalLink {
type instance-identifier {ct:instance-type PhysicalLink;}
}
ct:instance-list containedHardware {
ct:instance-type Hardware;
}
ct:instance-list physicalConnector {
ct:instance-type PhysicalConnector;
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 10]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
}
}
ct:complex-type PhysicalLink {
ct:extends PhysicalResource;
// ...
leaf-list hardware {
type instance-identifier {ct:instance-type Hardware;}
}
}
ct:complex-type ManagedHardware {
ct:extends Hardware;
ct:abstract true;
// ...
}
ct:complex-type PhysicalConnector {
ct:extends Hardware;
leaf location {type string;}
// ...
leaf-list sourcePhysicalConnector {
type instance-identifier {ct:instance-type PhysicalConnector;}
}
leaf-list targetPhysicalConnector {
type instance-identifier {ct:instance-type PhysicalConnector;}
}
}
ct:complex-type Equipment {
ct:extends ManagedHardware;
// ...
ct:instance-list equipment {
ct:instance-type Equipment;
}
}
ct:complex-type EquipmentHolder {
ct:extends ManagedHardware;
description "In the SID V8 definition, this is a class based on
the M.3100 specification. A base class that represents physical
objects that are both manageable as well as able to host,
hold, or contain other physical objects. Examples of physical
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objects that can be represented by instances of this object
class are Racks, Chassis, Cards, and Slots.
A piece of equipment with the primary purpose of containing
other equipment.";
leaf vendorName {type string;}
// ...
ct:instance-list equipment {
ct:instance-type Equipment;
}
ct:instance-list equipmentHolder {
ct:instance-type EquipmentHolder;
}
}
// ...
}
<CODE ENDS>
1.5.2. Modeling Entity MIB Entries as Physical Resources
The physical resource module described above can now be used to model
physical entities as defined in the Entity MIB [RFC4133]. For each
physical entity class listed in the "PhysicalClass" enumeration, a
complex type is defined. Each of these complex types extends the
most specific complex type already available in the physical resource
module. For example, the type "HWModule" extends the complex type
"Equipment" as a hardware module. Physical entity properties that
should be included in a physical entity complex type are combined in
a grouping, which is then used in each complex type definition of an
entity.
This approach has following benefits:
o The definition of the complex types for hardware entities becomes
compact as many of the features can be reused from the basic
complex type definition.
o Physical entities are modeled in a consistent manner as predefined
concepts are extended.
o Entity-MIB-specific attributes as well as vendor-specific
attributes can be added without having to define separate
extension data nodes.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 12]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
Module udmcore : Module hardware-entities
:
equipment :
Holder :
0..* :
+-------+ :
| | :
+---------------+ +---------+ | :
|ManagedHardware|<|-+-|Equipment|<>--+ :
+---------------+ | | Holder |0..1 : +-------+
| | |<|---------+--|Chassis|
| +---------+ : | +-------+
| <> : |
| |0..* equipment : | +---------+
| | Holder : '--|Container|
| | : +---------+
| |0..* equipment :
| | :
| | equipment :
| | 0..* :
| | +-------+ :
| | | | :
| +---------+ | :
'-|Equipment|<>--+ : +--------+
| |<|---------+--|HWModule|
+---------+ : | +--------+
compositeEquipment : |
: | +---------+
: |--|Backplane|
: +---------+
Figure 2: Hardware Entities Model
Below is an excerpt of the corresponding YANG module using complex
types to model hardware entities. The complete YANG module for the
Hardware Entities model in Figure 2 can be found in Appendix A, "YANG
Modules for Physical Network Resource Model and Hardware Entities
Model".
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 13]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
<CODE BEGINS>
module hardware-entities {
namespace "http://example.com/hardware-entities";
prefix "hwe";
import ietf-yang-types {prefix "yt";}
import ietf-complex-types {prefix "ct";}
import udmcore {prefix "uc";}
grouping PhysicalEntityProperties {
// ...
leaf mfgDate {type yang:date-and-time; }
leaf-list uris {type string; }
}
// Physical entities representing equipment
ct:complex-type HWModule {
ct:extends uc:Equipment;
description "Complex type representing module entries
(entPhysicalClass = module(9)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
// ...
// Physical entities representing equipment holders
ct:complex-type Chassis {
ct:extends uc:EquipmentHolder;
description "Complex type representing chassis entries
(entPhysicalClass = chassis(3)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
// ...
}
<CODE ENDS>
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2. Complex Types
2.1. Definition
YANG type concept is currently restricted to simple types, e.g.,
restrictions of primitive types, enumerations, or union of simple
types.
Complex types are types with a rich internal structure, which may be
composed of substatements defined in Table 1 (e.g., lists, leafs,
containers, choices). A new complex type may extend an existing
complex type. This allows providing type-safe extensions to existing
YANG models as instances of the new type.
Complex types have the following characteristics:
o Introduction of new types, as a named, formal description of a
concrete manageable resource as well as abstract concepts.
o Types can be extended, i.e., new types can be defined by
specializing existing types and adding new features. Instances of
such an extended type can be used wherever instances of the base
type may appear.
o The type information is made part of the NETCONF payload in case a
derived type substitutes a base type. This enables easy and
efficient consumption of payload elements representing complex
type instances.
2.2. complex-type Extension Statement
The extension statement "complex-type" is introduced; it accepts an
arbitrary number of statements that define node trees, among other
common YANG statements ("YANG Statements", Section 7 of [RFC6020]).
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+------------------+-------------+
| substatement | cardinality |
+------------------+-------------+
| abstract | 0..1 |
| anyxml | 0..n |
| choice | 0..n |
| container | 0..n |
| description | 0..1 |
| ct:instance | 0..n |
| ct:instance-list | 0..n |
| ct:extends | 0..1 |
| grouping | 0..n |
| if-feature | 0..n |
| key | 0..1 |
| leaf | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 0..n |
| list | 0..n |
| must | 0..n |
| ordered-by | 0..n |
| reference | 0..1 |
| refine | 0..n |
| status | 0..1 |
| typedef | 0..n |
| uses | 0..n |
+------------------+-------------+
Table 1: complex-type's Substatements
Complex type definitions may appear at every place where a grouping
may be defined. That includes the module, submodule, rpc, input,
output, notification, container, and list statements.
Complex type names populate a distinct namespace. As with YANG
groupings, it is possible to define a complex type and a data node
(e.g., leaf, list, instance statements) with the same name in the
same scope. All complex type names defined within a parent node or
at the top level of the module or its submodules share the same type
identifier namespace. This namespace is scoped to the parent node or
module.
A complex type MAY have an instance key. An instance key is either
defined with the "key" statement as part of the complex type or is
inherited from the base complex type. It is not allowed to define an
additional key if the base complex type or one of its ancestors
already defines a key.
Complex type definitions do not create nodes in the schema tree.
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2.3. instance Extension Statement
The "instance" extension statement is used to instantiate a complex
type by creating a subtree in the management information node tree.
The instance statement takes one argument that is the identifier of
the complex type instance. It is followed by a block of
substatements.
The type of the instance is specified with the mandatory "ct:
instance-type" substatement. The type of an instance MUST be a
complex type. Common YANG statements may be used as substatements of
the "instance" statement. An instance is optional by default. To
make an instance mandatory, "mandatory true" has to be applied as a
substatement.
+------------------+-------------+
| substatement | cardinality |
+------------------+-------------+
| description | 0..1 |
| config | 0..1 |
| ct:instance-type | 1 |
| if-feature | 0..n |
| mandatory | 0..1 |
| must | 0..n |
| reference | 0..1 |
| status | 0..1 |
| when | 0..1 |
| anyxml | 0..n |
| choice | 0..n |
| container | 0..n |
| ct:instance | 0..n |
| ct:instance-list | 0..n |
| leaf | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 0..n |
| list | 0..n |
+------------------+-------------+
Table 2: instance's Substatements
The "instance" and "instance-list" extension statements (see
Section 2.4, "instance-list Extension Statement") are similar to the
existing "leaf" and "leaf-list" statements, with the exception that
the content is composed of subordinate elements according to the
instantiated complex type.
It is also possible to add additional data nodes by using the
corresponding leaf, leaf-list, list, and choice-statements, etc., as
substatements of the instance declaration. This is an in-place
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 17]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
augmentation of the used complex type confined to a complex type
instantiation (see also Section 2.13, "Using Complex Types", for
details on augmenting complex types).
2.4. instance-list Extension Statement
The "instance-list" extension statement is used to instantiate a
complex type by defining a sequence of subtrees in the management
information node tree. In addition, the "instance-list" statement
takes one argument that is the identifier of the complex type
instances. It is followed by a block of substatements.
The type of the instance is specified with the mandatory "ct:
instance-type" substatement. In addition, it can be defined how
often an instance may appear in the schema tree by using the "min-
elements" and "max-elements" substatements. Common YANG statements
may be used as substatements of the "instance-list" statement.
In analogy to the "instance" statement, YANG substatements like
"list", "choice", "leaf", etc., MAY be used to augment the "instance-
list" elements at the root level with additional data nodes.
+------------------+-------------+
| substatementc | cardinality |
+------------------+-------------+
| description | 0..1 |
| config | 0..1 |
| ct:instance-type | 1 |
| if-feature | 0..n |
| max-elements | 0..1 |
| min-elements | 0..1 |
| must | 0..n |
| ordered-by | 0..1 |
| reference | 0..1 |
| status | 0..1 |
| when | 0..1 |
| anyxml | 0..n |
| choice | 0..n |
| container | 0..n |
| ct:instance | 0..n |
| ct:instance-list | 0..n |
| leaf | 0..n |
| leaf-list | 0..n |
| list | 0..n |
+------------------+-------------+
Table 3: instance-list's Substatements
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 18]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
In case the instance list represents configuration data, the used
complex type of an instance MUST have an instance key.
Instances as well as instance lists may appear as arguments of the
"deviate" statement.
2.5. extends Extension Statement
A complex type MAY extend exactly one existing base complex type by
using the "extends" extension statement. The keyword "extends" MAY
occur as a substatement of the "complex-type" extension statement.
The argument of the "complex-type" extension statement refers to the
base complex type via its name. In case a complex type represents
configuration data (the default), it MUST have a key; otherwise, it
MAY have a key. A key is either defined with the "key" statement as
part of the complex type or is inherited from the base complex type.
+--------------+-------------+
| substatement | cardinality |
+--------------+-------------+
| description | 0..1 |
| reference | 0..1 |
| status | 0..1 |
+--------------+-------------+
Table 4: extends' Substatements
2.6. abstract Extension Statement
Complex types may be declared to be abstract by using the "abstract"
extension statement. An abstract complex type cannot be
instantiated, meaning it cannot appear as the most specific type of
an instance in the NETCONF payload. In case an abstract type extends
a base type, the base complex type MUST be also abstract. By
default, complex types are not abstract.
The abstract complex type serves only as a base type for derived
concrete complex types and cannot be used as a type for an instance
in the NETCONF payload.
The "abstract" extension statement takes a single string argument,
which is either "true" or "false". In case a "complex-type"
statement does not contain an "abstract" statement as a substatement,
the default is "false". The "abstract" statement does not support
any substatements.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 19]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
2.7. XML Encoding Rules
An "instance" node is encoded as an XML element, where an "instance-
list" node is encoded as a series of XML elements. The corresponding
XML element names are the "instance" and "instance-list" identifiers,
respectively, and they use the same XML namespace as the module.
Instance child nodes are encoded as subelements of the instance XML
element. Subelements representing child nodes defined in the same
complex type may appear in any order. However, child nodes of an
extending complex type follow the child nodes of the extended complex
type. As such, the XML encoding of lists is similar to the encoding
of containers and lists in YANG.
Instance key nodes are encoded as subelements of the instance XML
element. Instance key nodes must appear in the same order as they
are defined within the "key" statement of the corresponding complex
type definition and precede all other nodes defined in the same
complex type. That is, if key nodes are defined in an extending
complex type, XML elements representing key data precede all other
XML elements representing child nodes. On the other hand, XML
elements representing key data follow the XML elements representing
data nodes of the base type.
The type of the actual complex type instance is encoded in a type
element, which is put in front of all instance child elements,
including key nodes, as described in Section 2.8 ("Type Encoding
Rules").
The proposed XML encoding rules conform to the YANG XML encoding
rules in [RFC6020]. Compared to YANG, enabling key definitions in
derived hierarchies is a new feature introduced with the complex
types extension. As a new language feature, complex types also
introduce a new payload entry for the instance type identifier.
Based on our implementation experience, the proposed XML encoding
rules support consistent mapping of YANG models with complex types to
an XML schema using XML complex types.
2.8. Type Encoding Rules
In order to encode the type of an instance in the NETCONF payload,
XML elements named "type" belonging to the XML namespace
"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-complex-type-instance" are added to
the serialized form of instance and instance-list nodes in the
payload. The suggested namespace prefix is "cti". The "cti:type"
XML elements are inserted before the serialized form of all members
that have been declared in the corresponding complex type definition.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 20]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
The "cti:type" element is inserted for each type in the extension
chain to the actual type of the instance (most specific last). Each
type name includes its corresponding namespace.
The type of a complex type instance MUST be encoded in the reply to
NETCONF <get> and <get-config> operations, and in the payload of a
NETCONF <edit-config> operation if the operation is "create" or
"replace". The type of the instance MUST also be specified in case
<copy-config> is used to export a configuration to a resource
addressed with an URI. The type of the instance has to be specified
in user-defined remote procedure calls (RPCs).
The type of the instance MAY be specified in case the operation is
"merge" (either because this is explicitly specified or no operation
attribute is provided).
In case the node already exists in the target configuration and the
type attribute (type of a complex type instance) is specified but
differs from the data in the target, an <rpc-error> element is
returned with an <error-app-tag> value of "wrong-complex-type". In
case no such element is present in the target configuration but the
type attribute is missing in the configuration data, an <rpc-error>
element is returned with an <error-tag> value of "missing-attribute".
The type MUST NOT be specified in case the operation is "delete".
2.9. Extension and Feature Definition Module
The module below contains all YANG extension definitions for complex
types and typed instance identifiers. In addition, a "complex-type"
feature is defined, which may be used to provide conditional or
alternative modeling, depending on the support status of complex
types in a NETCONF server. A NETCONF server that supports the
modeling features for complex types and the XML encoding for complex
types as defined in this document MUST advertise this as a feature.
This is done by including the feature name "complex-types" in the
feature parameter list as part of the NETCONF <hello> message as
described in Section 5.6.4 in [RFC6020].
<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-complex-types@2011-03-15.yang"
module ietf-complex-types {
namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-complex-types";
prefix "ct";
organization
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 21]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
"NETMOD WG";
contact
"Editor: Bernd Linowski
<bernd.linowski.ext@nsn.com>
Editor: Mehmet Ersue
<mehmet.ersue@nsn.com>
Editor: Siarhei Kuryla
<s.kuryla@gmail.com>";
description
"YANG extensions for complex types and typed instance
identifiers.
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
authors of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License
set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
This version of this YANG module is part of RFC 6095; see
the RFC itself for full legal notices.";
revision 2011-03-15 {
description "Initial revision.";
}
extension complex-type {
description "Defines a complex-type.";
reference "Section 2.2, complex-type Extension Statement";
argument type-identifier {
yin-element true;
}
}
extension extends {
description "Defines the base type of a complex-type.";
reference "Section 2.5, extends Extension Statement";
argument base-type-identifier {
yin-element true;
}
}
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 22]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
extension abstract {
description "Makes the complex-type abstract.";
reference "Section 2.6, abstract Extension Statement";
argument status;
}
extension instance {
description "Declares an instance of the given
complex type.";
reference "Section 2.3, instance Extension Statement";
argument ct-instance-identifier {
yin-element true;
}
}
extension instance-list {
description "Declares a list of instances of the given
complex type";
reference "Section 2.4, instance-list Extension Statement";
argument ct-instance-identifier {
yin-element true;
}
}
extension instance-type {
description "Tells to which type instance the instance
identifier refers.";
reference "Section 3.2, instance-type Extension Statement";
argument target-type-identifier {
yin-element true;
}
}
feature complex-types {
description "Indicates that the server supports
complex types and instance identifiers.";
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 23]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
2.10. Example Model for Complex Types
The example model below shows how complex types can be used to
represent physical equipment in a vendor-independent, abstract way.
It reuses the complex types defined in the physical resource model in
Section 1.5.1.
<CODE BEGINS>
module hw {
namespace "http://example.com/hw";
prefix "hw";
import ietf-complex-types {prefix "ct"; }
import udmcore {prefix "uc"; }
// Holder types
ct:complex-type Slot {
ct:extends uc:EquipmentHolder;
leaf slotNumber { type uint16; config false; }
// ...
}
ct:complex-type Chassis {
ct:extends uc:EquipmentHolder;
leaf numberOfChassisSlots { type uint32; config false; }
// ..
}
// Equipment types
ct:complex-type Card {
ct:extends uc:Equipment;
leaf position { type uint32; mandatory true; }
leaf slotsRequired {type unit32; }
}
// Root Element
ct:instance hardware { type uc:ManagedHardware; }
} // hw module
<CODE ENDS>
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 24]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
2.11. NETCONF Payload Example
Following example shows the payload of a reply to a NETCONF <get>
command. The actual type of managed hardware instances is indicated
with the "cti:type" elements as required by the type encoding rules.
The containment hierarchy in the NETCONF XML payload reflects the
containment hierarchy of hardware instances. This makes filtering
based on the containment hierarchy possible without having to deal
with values of leafs of type leafref that represent the tree
structure in a flattened hierarchy.
<hardware>
<cti:type>uc:BasicObject</cti:type>
<distinguishedName>/R-T31/CH-2</distinguishedName>
<globalId>6278279001</globalId>
<cti:type>uc:Resource</cti:type>
<cti:type>uc:PhysicalResource</cti:type>
<otherIdentifier>Rack R322-1</otherIdentifier>
<serialNumber>R-US-3276279a</serialNumber>
<cti:type>uc:Hardware</cti:type>
<cti:type>uc:ManagedHardware</cti:type>
<cti:type>hw:EquipmentHolder</cti:type>
<equipmentHolder>
<cti:type>uc:BasicObject</cti:type>
<distinguishedName>/R-T31/CH-2/SL-1</distinguishedName>
<globalId>548872003</globalId>
<cti:type>uc:Resource</cti:type>
<cti:type>uc:PhysicalResource</cti:type>
<otherIdentifier>CU-Slot</otherIdentifier>
<serialNumber>T-K4733890x45</serialNumber>
<cti:type>uc:Hardware</cti:type>
<cti:type>uc:ManagedHardware</cti:type>
<cti:type>uc:EquipmentHolder</cti:type>
<equipment>
<cti:type>uc:BasicObject</cti:type>
<distinguishedName>/R-T31/CH-2/SL-1/C-3</distinguishedName>
<globalId>89772001</globalId>
<cti:type>uc:Resource</cti:type>
<cti:type>uc:PhysicalResource</cti:type>
<otherIdentifier>ATM-45252</otherIdentifier>
<serialNumber>A-778911-b</serialNumber>
<cti:type>uc:Hardware</cti:type>
<cti:type>uc:ManagedHardware</cti:type>
<cti:type>uc:Equipment</cti:type>
<installed>true</installed>
<version>A2</version>
<redundancy>1</redundancy>
<cti:type>hw:Card</cti:type>
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 25]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
<usedSlots>1</usedSlots>
</equipment>
<cti:type>hw:Slot</cti:type>
<slotNumber>1</slotNumber>
</equipmentHolder>
<cti:type>hw:Chassis</cti:type>
<numberOfChassisSlots>6</numberOfChassisSlots>
// ...
</hardware>
2.12. Update Rules for Modules Using Complex Types
In addition to the module update rules specified in Section 10 in
[RFC6020], modules that define complex types, instances of complex
types, and typed instance identifiers must obey following rules:
o New complex types MAY be added.
o A new complex type MAY extend an existing complex type.
o New data definition statements MAY be added to a complex type only
if:
* they are not mandatory or
* they are not conditionally dependent on a new feature (i.e.,
they do not have an "if-feature" statement that refers to a new
feature).
o The type referred to by the instance-type statement may be changed
to a type that derives from the original type only if the original
type does not represent configuration data.
2.13. Using Complex Types
All data nodes defined inside a complex type reside in the complex
type namespace, which is their parent node namespace.
2.13.1. Overriding Complex Type Data Nodes
It is not allowed to override a data node inherited from a base type.
That is, it is an error if a type "base" with a leaf named "foo" is
extended by another complex type ("derived") with a leaf named "foo"
in the same module. In case they are derived in different modules,
there are two distinct "foo" nodes that are mapped to the XML
namespaces of the module, where the complex types are specified.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 26]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
A complex type that extends a basic complex type may use the "refine"
statement in order to improve an inherited data node. The target
node identifier must be qualified by the module prefix to indicate
clearly which inherited node is refined.
The following refinements can be done:
o A leaf or choice node may have a default value, or a new default
value if it already had one.
o Any node may have a different "description" or "reference" string.
o A leaf, anyxml, or choice node may have a "mandatory true"
statement. However, it is not allowed to change from "mandatory
true" to "mandatory false".
o A leaf, leaf-list, list, container, or anyxml node may have
additional "must" expressions.
o A list, leaf-list, instance, or instance-list node may have a
"min-elements" statement, if the base type does not have one or
does not have one with a value that is greater than the minimum
value of the base type.
o A list, leaf-list, instance, or instance-list node may have a
"max-elements" statement, if the base type does not have one or
does not have one with a value that is smaller than the maximum
value of the base type.
It is not allowed to refine complex-type nodes inside "instance" or
"instance-list" statements.
2.13.2. Augmenting Complex Types
Augmenting complex types is only allowed if a complex type is
instantiated in an "instance" or "instance-list" statement. This
confines the effect of the augmentation to the location in the schema
tree where the augmentation is done. The argument of the "augment"
statement MUST be in the descendant form (as defined by the rule
"descendant-schema-nodeid" in Section 12 in [RFC6020]).
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 27]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
ct:complex-type Chassis {
ct:extends EquipmentHolder;
container chassisInfo {
config false;
leaf numberOfSlots { type uint16; }
leaf occupiedSlots { type uint16; }
leaf height {type unit16;}
leaf width {type unit16;}
}
}
ct:instance-list chassis {
type Chassis;
augment "chassisInfo" {
leaf modelId { type string; }
}
}
When augmenting a complex type, only the "container", "leaf", "list",
"leaf-list", "choice", "instance", "instance-list", and "if-feature"
statements may be used within the "augment" statement. The nodes
added by the augmentation MUST NOT be mandatory nodes. One or many
"augment" statements may not cause the creation of multiple nodes
with the same name from the same namespace in the target node.
To achieve less-complex modeling, this document proposes the
augmentation of complex type instances without recursion.
2.13.3. Controlling the Use of Complex Types
A server might not want to support all complex types defined in a
supported module. This issue can be addressed with YANG features as
follows:
o Features are defined that are used inside complex type definitions
(by using "if-feature" as a substatement) to make them optional.
In this case, such complex types may only be instantiated if the
feature is supported (advertised as a capability in the NETCONF
<hello> message).
o The "deviation" statement may be applied to node trees, which are
created by "instance" and "instance-list" statements. In this
case, only the substatement "deviate not-supported" is allowed.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 28]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
o It is not allowed to apply the "deviation" statement to node tree
elements that may occur because of the recursive use of a complex
type. Other forms of deviations ("deviate add", "deviate
replace", "deviate delete") are NOT supported inside node trees
spanned by "instance" or "instance-list".
As complex type definitions do not contribute by themselves to the
data node tree, data node declarations inside complex types cannot be
the target of deviations.
In the example below, client applications are informed that the leaf
"occupiedSlots" is not supported in the top-level chassis. However,
if a chassis contains another chassis, the contained chassis may
support the leaf that reports the number of occupied slots.
deviation "/chassis/chassisSpec/occupiedSlots" {
deviate not-supported;
}
3. Typed Instance Identifier
3.1. Definition
Typed instance identifier relationships are an addition to the
relationship types already defined in YANG, where the leafref
relationship is location dependent, and the instance-identifier does
not specify to which type of instances the identifier points.
A typed instance identifier represents a reference to an instance of
a complex type without being restricted to a particular location in
the containment tree. This is done by using the extension statement
"instance-type" as a substatement of the existing "type instance
identifier" statement.
Typed instance identifiers allow referring to instances of complex
types that may be located anywhere in the schema tree. The "type"
statement plays the role of a restriction that must be fulfilled by
the target node, which is referred to with the instance identifier.
The target node MUST be of a particular complex type, either the type
itself or any type that extends this complex type.
3.2. instance-type Extension Statement
The "instance-type" extension statement specifies the complex type of
the instance to which the instance-identifier refers. The referred
instance may also instantiate any complex type that extends the
specified complex type.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 29]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
The instance complex type is identified by the single name argument.
The referred complex type MUST have a key. This extension statement
MUST be used as a substatement of the "type instance-identifier"
statement. The "instance-type" extension statement does not support
any substatements.
3.3. Typed Instance Identifier Example
In the example below, a physical link connects an arbitrary number of
physical ports. Here, typed instance identifiers are used to denote
which "PhysicalPort" instances (anywhere in the data tree) are
connected by a "PhysicalLink".
// Extended version of type Card
ct:complex-type Card {
ct:extends Equipment;
leaf usedSlot { type uint16; mandatory true; }
ct:instance-list port {
type PhysicalPort;
}
}
ct:complex-type PhysicalPort {
ct:extends ManagedHardware;
leaf portNumber { type int32; mandatory true; }
}
ct:complex-type PhysicalLink {
ct:extends ManagedHardware;
leaf media { type string; }
leaf-list connectedPort {
type instance-identifier {
ct:instance-type PhysicalPort;
}
min-elements 2;
}
}
Below is the XML encoding of an element named "link" of type
"PhysicalLink":
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 30]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
<link>
<objectId>FTCL-771</objectId>
<media>Fiber</media>
<connectedPort>/hw:hardware[objectId='R-11']
/hw:equipment[objectId='AT22']/hw:port[objectId='P12']
</connectedPort>
<connectedPort>/hw:hardware[objectId='R-42]
/hw:equipment[objectId='AT30']/hw:port[objectId='P3']
</connectedPort>
<serialNumber>F-7786828</serialNumber>
<commonName>FibCon 7</commonName>
</link>
4. IANA Considerations
This document registers two URIs in the IETF XML registry. IANA
registered the following URIs, according to [RFC3688]:
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-complex-types
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-complex-type-instance
Registrant Contact:
Bernd Linowski (bernd.linowski.ext@nsn.com)
Mehmet Ersue (mehmet.ersue@nsn.com)
Siarhei Kuryla (s.kuryla@gmail.com)
XML: N/A, the requested URIs are XML namespaces.
This document registers one module name in the "YANG Module Names"
registry, defined in [RFC6020].
name: ietf-complex-types
namespace: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-complex-types
prefix: ct
RFC: 6095
5. Security Considerations
The YANG module "complex-types" in this memo defines YANG extensions
for complex types and typed instance identifiers as new language
statements.
Complex types and typed instance identifiers themselves do not have
any security impact on the Internet.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 31]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
The security considerations described throughout [RFC6020] apply here
as well.
6. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank to Martin Bjorklund, Balazs Lengyel,
Gerhard Muenz, Dan Romascanu, Juergen Schoenwaelder, and Martin
Storch for their valuable review and comments on different versions
of the document.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
January 2004.
[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for the
Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
October 2010.
7.2. Informative References
[IPFIXCONF]
Muenz, G., Claise, B., and P. Aitken, "Configuration Data
Model for IPFIX and PSAMP", Work in Progress, March 2011.
[Libsmi] Kuryla, S., "Libsmi Extension for Complex Types",
April 2010, <http://www.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de/svn/libsmi>.
[Pyang] Bjorklund, M., "An extensible YANG validator and converter
in python", October 2010,
<http://code.google.com/p/pyang/>.
[Pyang-ct]
Kuryla, S., "Complex type extension for an extensible YANG
validator and converter in python", April 2010,
<http://code.google.com/p/pyang-ct/>.
[RFC4133] Bierman, A. and K. McCloghrie, "Entity MIB (Version 3)",
RFC 4133, August 2005.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 32]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
[SID_V8] TeleManagement Forum, "GB922, Information Framework (SID)
Solution Suite, Release 8.0", July 2008, <http://
www.tmforum.org/DocumentsInformation/
GB922InformationFramework/35499/article.html>.
[UDM] NSN, "Unified Data Model SID Compliance Statement",
May 2010, <http://www.tmforum.org/InformationFramework/
NokiaSiemensNetworks/8815/home.html>.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 33]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
Appendix A. YANG Modules for Physical Network Resource Model and
Hardware Entities Model
YANG module for the 'Physical Network Resource Model':
<CODE BEGINS>
module udmcore {
namespace "http://example.com/udmcore";
prefix "udm";
import ietf-yang-types {prefix "yang";}
import ietf-complex-types {prefix "ct";}
ct:complex-type BasicObject {
ct:abstract true;
key "distinguishedName";
leaf globalId {type int64;}
leaf distinguishedName {type string; mandatory true;}
}
ct:complex-type ManagedObject {
ct:extends BasicObject;
ct:abstract true;
leaf instance {type string;}
leaf objectState {type int32;}
leaf release {type string;}
}
ct:complex-type Resource {
ct:extends ManagedObject;
ct:abstract true;
leaf usageState {type int16;}
leaf managementMethodSupported {type string;}
leaf managementMethodCurrent {type string;}
leaf managementInfo {type string;}
leaf managementDomain {type string;}
leaf version {type string;}
leaf entityIdentification {type string;}
leaf description {type string;}
leaf rootEntityType {type string;}
}
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 34]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
ct:complex-type LogicalResource {
ct:extends Resource;
ct:abstract true;
leaf lrStatus {type int32;}
leaf serviceState {type int32;}
leaf isOperational {type boolean;}
}
ct:complex-type PhysicalResource {
ct:extends Resource;
ct:abstract true;
leaf manufactureDate {type string;}
leaf otherIdentifier {type string;}
leaf powerState {type int32;}
leaf serialNumber {type string;}
leaf versionNumber {type string;}
}
ct:complex-type Hardware {
ct:extends PhysicalResource;
ct:abstract true;
leaf width {type string;}
leaf height {type string;}
leaf depth {type string;}
leaf measurementUnits {type int32;}
leaf weight {type string;}
leaf weightUnits {type int32;}
leaf-list physicalLink {
type instance-identifier {
ct:instance-type PhysicalLink;
}
}
ct:instance-list containedHardware {
ct:instance-type Hardware;
}
ct:instance-list physicalConnector {
ct:instance-type PhysicalConnector;
}
}
ct:complex-type PhysicalLink {
ct:extends PhysicalResource;
leaf isWireless {type boolean;}
leaf currentLength {type string;}
leaf maximumLength {type string;}
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 35]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
leaf mediaType {type int32;}
leaf-list hardware {
type instance-identifier {
ct:instance-type Hardware;
}
}
}
ct:complex-type ManagedHardware {
ct:extends Hardware;
leaf additionalinfo {type string;}
leaf physicalAlarmReportingEnabled {type boolean;}
leaf pyhsicalAlarmStatus {type int32;}
leaf coolingRequirements {type string;}
leaf hardwarePurpose {type string;}
leaf isPhysicalContainer {type boolean;}
}
ct:complex-type AuxiliaryComponent {
ct:extends ManagedHardware;
ct:abstract true;
}
ct:complex-type PhysicalPort {
ct:extends ManagedHardware;
leaf portNumber {type int32;}
leaf duplexMode {type int32;}
leaf ifType {type int32;}
leaf vendorPortName {type string;}
}
ct:complex-type PhysicalConnector {
ct:extends Hardware;
leaf location {type string;}
leaf cableType {type int32;}
leaf gender {type int32;}
leaf inUse {type boolean;}
leaf pinDescription {type string;}
leaf typeOfConnector {type int32;}
leaf-list sourcePhysicalConnector {
type instance-identifier {
ct:instance-type PhysicalConnector;
}
}
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 36]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
leaf-list targetPhysicalConnector {
type instance-identifier {
ct:instance-type PhysicalConnector;
}
}
}
ct:complex-type Equipment {
ct:extends ManagedHardware;
leaf installStatus {type int32;}
leaf expectedEquipmentType {type string;}
leaf installedEquipmentType {type string;}
leaf installedVersion {type string;}
leaf redundancy {type int32;}
leaf vendorName {type string;}
leaf dateOfLastService {type yang:date-and-time;}
leaf interchangeability {type string;}
leaf identificationCode {type string;}
ct:instance-list equipment {
ct:instance-type Equipment;
}
}
ct:complex-type EquipmentHolder {
ct:extends ManagedHardware;
leaf vendorName {type string;}
leaf locationName {type string;}
leaf dateOfLastService {type yang:date-and-time;}
leaf partNumber {type string;}
leaf availabilityStatus {type int16;}
leaf nameFromPlanningSystem {type string;}
leaf modelNumber {type string;}
leaf acceptableEquipmentList {type string;}
leaf isSolitaryHolder {type boolean;}
leaf holderStatus {type int16;}
leaf interchangeability {type string;}
leaf equipmentHolderSpecificType {type string; }
leaf position {type string;}
leaf atomicCompositeType {type int16;}
leaf uniquePhysical {type boolean;}
leaf physicalDescription {type string;}
leaf serviceApproach {type string;}
leaf mountingOptions {type int32;}
leaf cableManagementStrategy {type string;}
leaf isSecureHolder {type boolean;}
ct:instance-list equipment {
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 37]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
ct:instance-type Equipment;
}
ct:instance-list equipmentHolder {
ct:instance-type EquipmentHolder;
}
}
// ... other resource complex types ...
}
<CODE ENDS>
YANG module for the 'Hardware Entities Model':
<CODE BEGINS>
module hardware-entities {
namespace "http://example.com/:hardware-entities";
prefix "hwe";
import ietf-yang-types {prefix "yang";}
import ietf-complex-types {prefix "ct";}
import udmcore {prefix "uc";}
grouping PhysicalEntityProperties {
leaf hardwareRev {type string; }
leaf firmwareRev {type string; }
leaf softwareRev {type string; }
leaf serialNum {type string; }
leaf mfgName {type string; }
leaf modelName {type string; }
leaf alias {type string; }
leaf ssetID{type string; }
leaf isFRU {type boolean; }
leaf mfgDate {type yang:date-and-time; }
leaf-list uris {type string; }
}
// Physical entities representing equipment
ct:complex-type Module {
ct:extends uc:Equipment;
description "Complex type representing module entries
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 38]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
(entPhysicalClass = module(9)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
ct:complex-type Backplane {
ct:extends uc:Equipment;
description "Complex type representing backplane entries
(entPhysicalClass = backplane(4)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
// Physical entities representing auxiliary hardware components
ct:complex-type PowerSupply {
ct:extends uc:AuxiliaryComponent;
description "Complex type representing power supply entries
(entPhysicalClass = powerSupply(6)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
ct:complex-type Fan {
ct:extends uc:AuxiliaryComponent;
description "Complex type representing fan entries
(entPhysicalClass = fan(7)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
ct:complex-type Sensor {
ct:extends uc:AuxiliaryComponent;
description "Complex type representing sensor entries
(entPhysicalClass = sensor(8)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
// Physical entities representing equipment holders
ct:complex-type Chassis {
ct:extends uc:EquipmentHolder;
description "Complex type representing chassis entries
(entPhysicalClass = chassis(3)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
ct:complex-type Container {
ct:extends uc:EquipmentHolder;
description "Complex type representing container entries
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 39]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
(entPhysicalClass = container(5)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
ct:complex-type Stack {
ct:extends uc:EquipmentHolder;
description "Complex type representing stack entries
(entPhysicalClass = stack(11)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
// Other kinds of physical entities
ct:complex-type Port {
ct:extends uc:PhysicalPort;
description "Complex type representing port entries
(entPhysicalClass = port(10)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
ct:complex-type CPU {
ct:extends uc:Hardware;
description "Complex type representing cpu entries
(entPhysicalClass = cpu(12)) in entPhysicalTable";
uses PhysicalEntityProperties;
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
Appendix B. Example YANG Module for the IPFIX/PSAMP Model
B.1. Modeling Improvements for the IPFIX/PSAMP Model with Complex Types
and Typed Instance Identifiers
The module below is a variation of the IPFIX/PSAMP configuration
model, which uses complex types and typed instance identifiers to
model the concept outlined in [IPFIXCONF].
When looking at the YANG module with complex types and typed instance
identifiers, various technical improvements on the modeling level
become apparent.
o There is almost a one-to-one mapping between the domain concepts
introduced in IPFIX and the complex types in the YANG module.
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 40]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
o All associations between the concepts (besides containment) are
represented with typed identifiers. That avoids having to refer
to a particular location in the tree. Referring to a particular
in the tree is not mandated by the original model.
o It is superfluous to represent concept refinement (class
inheritance in the original model) with containment in the form of
quite big choice-statements with complex branches. Instead,
concept refinement is realized by complex types extending a base
complex type.
o It is unnecessary to introduce metadata identities and leafs
(e.g., "identity cacheMode" and "leaf cacheMode" in "grouping
cacheParameters") that just serve the purpose of indicating which
concrete subtype of a generic type (modeled as grouping, which
contains the union of all features of all subtypes) is actually
represented in the MIB.
o Ruling out illegal use of subtype-specific properties (e.g., "leaf
maxFlows") by using "when" statements that refer to a subtype
discriminator is not necessary (e.g., when "../cacheMode !=
'immediate'").
o Defining properties like the configuration status wherever a so
called "parameter grouping" is used is not necessary. Instead,
those definitions can be put inside the complex type definition
itself.
o Separating the declaration of the key from the related data nodes
definitions in a grouping (see use of "grouping
selectorParameters") can be avoided.
o Complex types may be declared as optional features. If the type
is indicated with an identity (e.g., "identity immediate"), this
is not possible, since "if-feature" is not allowed as a
substatement of "identity".
B.2. IPFIX/PSAMP Model with Complex Types and Typed Instance
Identifiers
<CODE BEGINS>
module ct-ipfix-psamp-example {
namespace "http://example.com/ns/ct-ipfix-psamp-example";
prefix ipfix;
import ietf-yang-types { prefix yang; }
import ietf-inet-types { prefix inet; }
import ietf-complex-types {prefix "ct"; }
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 41]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
description "Example IPFIX/PSAMP Configuration Data Model
with complex types and typed instance identifiers";
revision 2011-03-15 {
description "The YANG Module ('YANG Module of the IPFIX/PSAMP
Configuration Data Model') in [IPFIXCONF] modeled with
complex types and typed instance identifiers.
Disclaimer: This example model illustrates the use of the
language extensions defined in this document and does not
claim to be an exact reproduction of the original YANG
model referred above. The original description texts have
been shortened to increase the readability of the model
example.";
}
/*****************************************************************
* Features
*****************************************************************/
feature exporter {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device can be used as
an Exporter. Exporting Processes can be configured.";
}
feature collector {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device can be used as
a Collector. Collecting Processes can be configured.";
}
feature meter {
description "If supported, Observation Points, Selection
Processes, and Caches can be configured.";
}
feature psampSampCountBased {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports
count-based Sampling...";
}
feature psampSampTimeBased {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports
time-based Sampling...";
}
feature psampSampRandOutOfN {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports
random n-out-of-N Sampling...";
}
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 42]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
feature psampSampUniProb {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports
uniform probabilistic Sampling...";
}
feature psampFilterMatch {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports
property match Filtering...";
}
feature psampFilterHash {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports
hash-based Filtering...";
}
feature cacheModeImmediate {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports
Cache Mode 'immediate'.";
}
feature cacheModeTimeout {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports
Cache Mode 'timeout'.";
}
feature cacheModeNatural {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports
Cache Mode 'natural'.";
}
feature cacheModePermanent {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports
Cache Mode 'permanent'.";
}
feature udpTransport {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports UDP
as transport protocol.";
}
feature tcpTransport {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports TCP
as transport protocol.";
}
feature fileReader {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports the
configuration of Collecting Processes as File Readers.";
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 43]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
}
feature fileWriter {
description "If supported, the Monitoring Device supports the
configuration of Exporting Processes as File Writers.";
}
/*****************************************************************
* Identities
*****************************************************************/
/*** Hash function identities ***/
identity hashFunction {
description "Base identity for all hash functions...";
}
identity BOB {
base "hashFunction";
description "BOB hash function";
reference "RFC 5475, Section 6.2.4.1.";
}
identity IPSX {
base "hashFunction";
description "IPSX hash function";
reference "RFC 5475, Section 6.2.4.1.";
}
identity CRC {
base "hashFunction";
description "CRC hash function";
reference "RFC 5475, Section 6.2.4.1.";
}
/*** Export mode identities ***/
identity exportMode {
description "Base identity for different usages of export
destinations configured for an Exporting Process...";
}
identity parallel {
base "exportMode";
description "Parallel export of Data Records to all
destinations configured for the Exporting Process.";
}
identity loadBalancing {
base "exportMode";
description "Load-balancing between the different
destinations...";
}
identity fallback {
base "exportMode";
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 44]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
description "Export to the primary destination...";
}
/*** Options type identities ***/
identity optionsType {
description "Base identity for report types exported
with options...";
}
identity meteringStatistics {
base "optionsType";
description "Metering Process Statistics.";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 4.1.";
}
identity meteringReliability {
base "optionsType";
description "Metering Process Reliability Statistics.";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 4.2.";
}
identity exportingReliability {
base "optionsType";
description "Exporting Process Reliability
Statistics.";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 4.3.";
}
identity flowKeys {
base "optionsType";
description "Flow Keys.";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 4.4.";
}
identity selectionSequence {
base "optionsType";
description "Selection Sequence and Selector Reports.";
reference "RFC 5476, Sections 6.5.1 and 6.5.2.";
}
identity selectionStatistics {
base "optionsType";
description "Selection Sequence Statistics Report.";
reference "RFC 5476, Sections 6.5.3.";
}
identity accuracy {
base "optionsType";
description "Accuracy Report.";
reference "RFC 5476, Section 6.5.4.";
}
identity reducingRedundancy {
base "optionsType";
description "Enables the utilization of Options Templates to
reduce redundancy in the exported Data Records.";
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 45]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
reference "RFC 5473.";
}
identity extendedTypeInformation {
base "optionsType";
description "Export of extended type information for
enterprise-specific Information Elements used in the
exported Templates.";
reference "RFC 5610.";
}
/*****************************************************************
* Type definitions
*****************************************************************/
typedef nameType {
type string {
length "1..max";
pattern "\S(.*\S)?";
}
description "Type for 'name' leafs...";
}
typedef direction {
type enumeration {
enum ingress {
description "This value is used for monitoring incoming
packets.";
}
enum egress {
description "This value is used for monitoring outgoing
packets.";
}
enum both {
description "This value is used for monitoring incoming and
outgoing packets.";
}
}
description "Direction of packets going through an interface or
linecard.";
}
typedef transportSessionStatus {
type enumeration {
enum inactive {
description "This value MUST be used for...";
}
enum active {
description "This value MUST be used for...";
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 46]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
}
enum unknown {
description "This value MUST be used if the status...";
}
}
description "Status of a Transport Session.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8 (ipfixTransportSessionStatus).";
}
/*****************************************************************
* Complex types
*****************************************************************/
ct:complex-type ObservationPoint {
description "Observation Point";
key name;
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of an observation point.";
}
leaf observationPointId {
type uint32;
config false;
description "Observation Point ID...";
reference "RFC 5102, Section 5.1.10.";
}
leaf observationDomainId {
type uint32;
mandatory true;
description "The Observation Domain ID associates...";
reference "RFC 5101.";
}
choice OPLocation {
mandatory true;
description "Location of the Observation Point.";
leaf ifIndex {
type uint32;
description "Index of an interface...";
reference "RFC 2863.";
}
leaf ifName {
type string;
description "Name of an interface...";
reference "RFC 2863.";
}
leaf entPhysicalIndex {
type uint32;
description "Index of a linecard...";
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 47]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
reference "RFC 4133.";
}
leaf entPhysicalName {
type string;
description "Name of a linecard...";
reference "RFC 4133.";
}
}
leaf direction {
type direction;
default both;
description "Direction of packets....";
}
leaf-list selectionProcess {
type instance-identifier { ct:instance-type SelectionProcess; }
description "Selection Processes in this list process packets
in parallel.";
}
}
ct:complex-type Selector {
ct:abstract true;
description "Abstract selector";
key name;
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of a selector";
}
leaf packetsObserved {
type yang:counter64;
config false;
description "The number of packets observed ...";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixSelectionProcessStatsPacketsObserved).";
}
leaf packetsDropped {
type yang:counter64;
config false;
description "The total number of packets discarded ...";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixSelectionProcessStatsPacketsDropped).";
}
leaf selectorDiscontinuityTime {
type yang:date-and-time;
config false;
description "Timestamp of the most recent occasion at which
one or more of the Selector counters suffered a
discontinuity...";
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 48]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixSelectionProcessStatsDiscontinuityTime).";
}
}
ct:complex-type SelectAllSelector {
ct:extends Selector;
description "Method that selects all packets.";
}
ct:complex-type SampCountBasedSelector {
if-feature psampSampCountBased;
ct:extends Selector;
description "Selector applying systematic count-based
packet sampling to the packet stream.";
reference "RFC 5475, Section 5.1;
RFC 5476, Section 6.5.2.1.";
leaf packetInterval {
type uint32;
units packets;
mandatory true;
description "The number of packets that are consecutively
sampled between gaps of length packetSpace.
This parameter corresponds to the Information Element
samplingPacketInterval.";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.2.2.";
}
leaf packetSpace {
type uint32;
units packets;
mandatory true;
description "The number of unsampled packets between two
sampling intervals.
This parameter corresponds to the Information Element
samplingPacketSpace.";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.2.3.";
}
}
ct:complex-type SampTimeBasedSelector {
if-feature psampSampTimeBased;
ct:extends Selector;
description "Selector applying systematic time-based
packet sampling to the packet stream.";
reference "RFC 5475, Section 5.1;
RFC 5476, Section 6.5.2.2.";
leaf timeInterval {
type uint32;
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 49]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
units microseconds;
mandatory true;
description "The time interval in microseconds during
which all arriving packets are sampled between gaps
of length timeSpace.
This parameter corresponds to the Information Element
samplingTimeInterval.";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.2.4.";
}
leaf timeSpace {
type uint32;
units microseconds;
mandatory true;
description "The time interval in microseconds during
which no packets are sampled between two sampling
intervals specified by timeInterval.
This parameter corresponds to the Information Element
samplingTimeInterval.";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.2.5.";
}
}
ct:complex-type SampRandOutOfNSelector {
if-feature psampSampRandOutOfN;
ct:extends Selector;
description "This container contains the configuration
parameters of a Selector applying n-out-of-N packet
sampling to the packet stream.";
reference "RFC 5475, Section 5.2.1;
RFC 5476, Section 6.5.2.3.";
leaf size {
type uint32;
units packets;
mandatory true;
description "The number of elements taken from the parent
population.
This parameter corresponds to the Information Element
samplingSize.";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.2.6.";
}
leaf population {
type uint32;
units packets;
mandatory true;
description "The number of elements in the parent
population.
This parameter corresponds to the Information Element
samplingPopulation.";
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 50]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.2.7.";
}
}
ct:complex-type SampUniProbSelector {
if-feature psampSampUniProb;
ct:extends Selector;
description "Selector applying uniform probabilistic
packet sampling (with equal probability per packet) to the
packet stream.";
reference "RFC 5475, Section 5.2.2.1;
RFC 5476, Section 6.5.2.4.";
leaf probability {
type decimal64 {
fraction-digits 18;
range "0..1";
}
mandatory true;
description "Probability that a packet is sampled,
expressed as a value between 0 and 1. The probability
is equal for every packet.
This parameter corresponds to the Information Element
samplingProbability.";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.2.8.";
}
}
ct:complex-type FilterMatchSelector {
if-feature psampFilterMatch;
ct:extends Selector;
description "This container contains the configuration
parameters of a Selector applying property match filtering
to the packet stream.";
reference "RFC 5475, Section 6.1;
RFC 5476, Section 6.5.2.5.";
choice nameOrId {
mandatory true;
description "The field to be matched is specified by
either the name or the ID of the Information
Element.";
leaf ieName {
type string;
description "Name of the Information Element.";
}
leaf ieId {
type uint16 {
range "1..32767" {
description "Valid range of Information Element
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 51]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
identifiers.";
reference "RFC 5102, Section 4.";
}
}
description "ID of the Information Element.";
}
}
leaf ieEnterpriseNumber {
type uint32;
description "If present, ... ";
}
leaf value {
type string;
mandatory true;
description "Matching value of the Information Element.";
}
}
ct:complex-type FilterHashSelector {
if-feature psampFilterHash;
ct:extends Selector;
description "This container contains the configuration
parameters of a Selector applying hash-based filtering
to the packet stream.";
reference "RFC 5475, Section 6.2;
RFC 5476, Section 6.5.2.6.";
leaf hashFunction {
type identityref {
base "hashFunction";
}
default BOB;
description "Hash function to be applied. According to
RFC 5475, Section 6.2.4.1, BOB hash function must be
used in order to be compliant with PSAMP.";
}
leaf ipPayloadOffset {
type uint64;
units octets;
default 0;
description "IP payload offset ... ";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.3.2.";
}
leaf ipPayloadSize {
type uint64;
units octets;
default 8;
description "Number of IP payload bytes ... ";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.3.3.";
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 52]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
}
leaf digestOutput {
type boolean;
default false;
description "If true, the output ... ";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.3.8.";
}
leaf initializerValue {
type uint64;
description "Initializer value to the hash function.
If not configured by the user, the Monitoring Device
arbitrarily chooses an initializer value.";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.3.9.";
}
list selectedRange {
key name;
min-elements 1;
description "List of hash function return ranges for
which packets are selected.";
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of this list.";
}
leaf min {
type uint64;
description "Beginning of the hash function's selected
range.
This parameter corresponds to the Information Element
hashSelectedRangeMin.";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.3.6.";
}
leaf max {
type uint64;
description "End of the hash function's selected range.
This parameter corresponds to the Information Element
hashSelectedRangeMax.";
reference "RFC 5477, Section 8.3.7.";
}
}
}
ct:complex-type Cache {
ct:abstract true;
description "Cache of a Monitoring Device.";
key name;
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of a cache";
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 53]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
}
leaf-list exportingProcess {
type leafref { path "/ipfix/exportingProcess/name"; }
description "Records are exported by all Exporting Processes
in the list.";
}
description "Configuration and state parameters of a Cache.";
container cacheLayout {
description "Cache Layout.";
list cacheField {
key name;
min-elements 1;
description "List of fields in the Cache Layout.";
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of this list.";
}
choice nameOrId {
mandatory true;
description "Name or ID of the Information Element.";
reference "RFC 5102.";
leaf ieName {
type string;
description "Name of the Information Element.";
}
leaf ieId {
type uint16 {
range "1..32767" {
description "Valid range of Information Element
identifiers.";
reference "RFC 5102, Section 4.";
}
}
description "ID of the Information Element.";
}
}
leaf ieLength {
type uint16;
units octets;
description "Length of the field ... ";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 6.2; RFC 5102.";
}
leaf ieEnterpriseNumber {
type uint32;
description "If present, the Information Element is
enterprise-specific. ... ";
reference "RFC 5101; RFC 5102.";
}
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 54]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
leaf isFlowKey {
when "(../../../cacheMode != 'immediate')
and
((count(../ieEnterpriseNumber) = 0)
or
(../ieEnterpriseNumber != 29305))" {
description "This parameter is not available
for Reverse Information Elements (which have
enterprise number 29305) or if the Cache Mode
is 'immediate'.";
}
type empty;
description "If present, this is a flow key.";
}
}
}
leaf dataRecords {
type yang:counter64;
units "Data Records";
config false;
description "The number of Data Records generated ... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixMeteringProcessCacheDataRecords).";
}
leaf cacheDiscontinuityTime {
type yang:date-and-time;
config false;
description "Timestamp of the ... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixMeteringProcessCacheDiscontinuityTime).";
}
}
ct:complex-type ImmediateCache {
if-feature cacheModeImmediate;
ct:extends Cache;
}
ct:complex-type NonImmediateCache {
ct:abstract true;
ct:extends Cache;
leaf maxFlows {
type uint32;
units flows;
description "This parameter configures the maximum number of
Flows in the Cache ... ";
}
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 55]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
leaf activeFlows {
type yang:gauge32;
units flows;
config false;
description "The number of Flows currently active in this
Cache.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixMeteringProcessCacheActiveFlows).";
}
leaf unusedCacheEntries {
type yang:gauge32;
units flows;
config false;
description "The number of unused Cache entries in this
Cache.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixMeteringProcessCacheUnusedCacheEntries).";
}
}
ct:complex-type NonPermanentCache {
ct:abstract true;
ct:extends NonImmediateCache;
leaf activeTimeout {
type uint32;
units milliseconds;
description "This parameter configures the time in
milliseconds after which ... ";
}
leaf inactiveTimeout {
type uint32;
units milliseconds;
description "This parameter configures the time in
milliseconds after which ... ";
}
}
ct:complex-type NaturalCache {
if-feature cacheModeNatural;
ct:extends NonPermanentCache;
}
ct:complex-type TimeoutCache {
if-feature cacheModeTimeout;
ct:extends NonPermanentCache;
}
ct:complex-type PermanentCache {
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 56]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
if-feature cacheModePermanent;
ct:extends NonImmediateCache;
leaf exportInterval {
type uint32;
units milliseconds;
description "This parameter configures the interval for
periodical export of Flow Records in milliseconds.
If not configured by the user, the Monitoring Device sets
this parameter.";
}
}
ct:complex-type ExportDestination {
ct:abstract true;
description "Abstract export destination.";
key name;
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of an export destination.";
}
}
ct:complex-type IpDestination {
ct:abstract true;
ct:extends ExportDestination;
description "IP export destination.";
leaf ipfixVersion {
type uint16;
default 10;
description "IPFIX version number.";
}
leaf destinationPort {
type inet:port-number;
description "If not configured by the user, the Monitoring
Device uses the default port number for IPFIX, which is
4739 without Transport Layer Security, and 4740 if Transport
Layer Security is activated.";
}
choice indexOrName {
description "Index or name of the interface ... ";
reference "RFC 2863.";
leaf ifIndex {
type uint32;
description "Index of an interface as stored in the ifTable
of IF-MIB.";
reference "RFC 2863.";
}
leaf ifName {
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 57]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
type string;
description "Name of an interface as stored in the ifTable
of IF-MIB.";
reference "RFC 2863.";
}
}
leaf sendBufferSize {
type uint32;
units bytes;
description "Size of the socket send buffer.
If not configured by the user, this parameter is set by
the Monitoring Device.";
}
leaf rateLimit {
type uint32;
units "bytes per second";
description "Maximum number of bytes per second ... ";
reference "RFC 5476, Section 6.3";
}
container transportLayerSecurity {
presence "If transportLayerSecurity is present, DTLS is
enabled if the transport protocol is SCTP or UDP, and TLS
is enabled if the transport protocol is TCP.";
description "Transport Layer Security configuration.";
uses transportLayerSecurityParameters;
}
container transportSession {
config false;
description "State parameters of the Transport Session
directed to the given destination.";
uses transportSessionParameters;
}
}
ct:complex-type SctpExporter {
ct:extends IpDestination;
description "SCTP exporter.";
leaf-list sourceIPAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
description "List of source IP addresses used ... ";
reference "RFC 4960, Section 6.4
(Multi-Homed SCTP Endpoints).";
}
leaf-list destinationIPAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
min-elements 1;
description "One or multiple IP addresses ... ";
reference "RFC 4960, Section 6.4
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 58]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
(Multi-Homed SCTP Endpoints).";
}
leaf timedReliability {
type uint32;
units milliseconds;
default 0;
description "Lifetime in milliseconds ... ";
reference "RFC 3758; RFC 4960.";
}
}
ct:complex-type UdpExporter {
ct:extends IpDestination;
if-feature udpTransport;
description "UDP parameters.";
leaf sourceIPAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
description "Source IP address used by the Exporting
Process ...";
}
leaf destinationIPAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
mandatory true;
description "IP address of the Collection Process to which
IPFIX Messages are sent.";
}
leaf maxPacketSize {
type uint16;
units octets;
description "This parameter specifies the maximum size of
IP packets ... ";
}
leaf templateRefreshTimeout {
type uint32;
units seconds;
default 600;
description "Sets time after which Templates are resent in the
UDP Transport Session. ... ";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 10.3.6; RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionTemplateRefreshTimeout).";
}
leaf optionsTemplateRefreshTimeout {
type uint32;
units seconds;
default 600;
description "Sets time after which Options Templates are
resent in the UDP Transport Session. ... ";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 10.3.6; RFC 5815, Section 8
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 59]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
(ipfixTransportSessionOptionsTemplateRefreshTimeout).";
}
leaf templateRefreshPacket {
type uint32;
units "IPFIX Messages";
description "Sets number of IPFIX Messages after which
Templates are resent in the UDP Transport Session. ... ";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 10.3.6; RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionTemplateRefreshPacket).";
}
leaf optionsTemplateRefreshPacket {
type uint32;
units "IPFIX Messages";
description "Sets number of IPFIX Messages after which
Options Templates are resent in the UDP Transport Session
protocol. ... ";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 10.3.6; RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionOptionsTemplateRefreshPacket).";
}
}
ct:complex-type TcpExporter {
ct:extends IpDestination;
if-feature tcpTransport;
description "TCP exporter";
leaf sourceIPAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
description "Source IP address used by the Exporting
Process...";
}
leaf destinationIPAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
mandatory true;
description "IP address of the Collection Process to which
IPFIX Messages are sent.";
}
}
ct:complex-type FileWriter {
ct:extends ExportDestination;
if-feature fileWriter;
description "File Writer.";
leaf ipfixVersion {
type uint16;
default 10;
description "IPFIX version number.";
}
leaf file {
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type inet:uri;
mandatory true;
description "URI specifying the location of the file.";
}
leaf bytes {
type yang:counter64;
units octets;
config false;
description "The number of bytes written by the File
Writer...";
}
leaf messages {
type yang:counter64;
units "IPFIX Messages";
config false;
description "The number of IPFIX Messages written by the File
Writer. ... ";
}
leaf discardedMessages {
type yang:counter64;
units "IPFIX Messages";
config false;
description "The number of IPFIX Messages that could not be
written by the File Writer ... ";
}
leaf records {
type yang:counter64;
units "Data Records";
config false;
description "The number of Data Records written by the File
Writer. ... ";
}
leaf templates {
type yang:counter32;
units "Templates";
config false;
description "The number of Template Records (excluding
Options Template Records) written by the File Writer.
... ";
}
leaf optionsTemplates {
type yang:counter32;
units "Options Templates";
config false;
description "The number of Options Template Records written
by the File Writer. ... ";
}
leaf fileWriterDiscontinuityTime {
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type yang:date-and-time;
config false;
description "Timestamp of the most recent occasion at which
one or more File Writer counters suffered a discontinuity.
... ";
}
list template {
config false;
description "This list contains the Templates and Options
Templates that have been written by the File Reader. ... ";
uses templateParameters;
}
}
ct:complex-type ExportingProcess {
if-feature exporter;
description "Exporting Process of the Monitoring Device.";
key name;
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of this list.";
}
leaf exportMode {
type identityref {
base "exportMode";
}
default parallel;
description "This parameter determines to which configured
destination(s) the incoming Data Records are exported.";
}
ct:instance-list destination {
ct:instance-type ExportDestination;
min-elements 1;
description "Export destinations.";
}
list options {
key name;
description "List of options reported by the Exporting
Process.";
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of this list.";
}
leaf optionsType {
type identityref {
base "optionsType";
}
mandatory true;
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description "Type of the exported options data.";
}
leaf optionsTimeout {
type uint32;
units milliseconds;
description "Time interval for periodic export of the options
data. ... ";
}
}
}
ct:complex-type CollectingProcess {
description "A Collecting Process.";
key name;
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of a collecing process.";
}
ct:instance-list sctpCollector {
ct:instance-type SctpCollector;
description "List of SCTP receivers (sockets) on which the
Collecting Process receives IPFIX Messages.";
}
ct:instance-list udpCollector {
if-feature udpTransport;
ct:instance-type UdpCollector;
description "List of UDP receivers (sockets) on which the
Collecting Process receives IPFIX Messages.";
}
ct:instance-list tcpCollector {
if-feature tcpTransport;
ct:instance-type TcpCollector;
description "List of TCP receivers (sockets) on which the
Collecting Process receives IPFIX Messages.";
}
ct:instance-list fileReader {
if-feature fileReader;
ct:instance-type FileReader;
description "List of File Readers from which the Collecting
Process reads IPFIX Messages.";
}
leaf-list exportingProcess {
type instance-identifier { ct:instance-type ExportingProcess; }
description "Export of received records without any
modifications. Records are processed by all Exporting
Processes in the list.";
}
}
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ct:complex-type Collector {
ct:abstract true;
description "Abstract collector.";
key name;
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of collectors";
}
}
ct:complex-type IpCollector {
ct:abstract true;
ct:extends Collector;
description "Collector for IP transport protocols.";
leaf localPort {
type inet:port-number;
description "If not configured, the Monitoring Device uses the
default port number for IPFIX, which is 4739 without
Transport Layer Security, and 4740 if Transport Layer
Security is activated.";
}
container transportLayerSecurity {
presence "If transportLayerSecurity is present, DTLS is enabled
if the transport protocol is SCTP or UDP, and TLS is enabled
if the transport protocol is TCP.";
description "Transport Layer Security configuration.";
uses transportLayerSecurityParameters;
}
list transportSession {
config false;
description "This list contains the currently established
Transport Sessions terminating at the given socket.";
uses transportSessionParameters;
}
}
ct:complex-type SctpCollector {
ct:extends IpCollector;
description "Collector listening on an SCTP socket";
leaf-list localIPAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
description "List of local IP addresses ... ";
reference "RFC 4960, Section 6.4
(Multi-Homed SCTP Endpoints).";
}
}
ct:complex-type UdpCollector {
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ct:extends IpCollector;
description "Parameters of a listening UDP socket at a
Collecting Process.";
leaf-list localIPAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
description "List of local IP addresses on which the Collecting
Process listens for IPFIX Messages.";
}
leaf templateLifeTime {
type uint32;
units seconds;
default 1800;
description "Sets the lifetime of Templates for all UDP
Transport Sessions ... ";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 10.3.7; RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionTemplateRefreshTimeout).";
}
leaf optionsTemplateLifeTime {
type uint32;
units seconds;
default 1800;
description "Sets the lifetime of Options Templates for all
UDP Transport Sessions terminating at this UDP socket.
... ";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 10.3.7; RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionOptionsTemplateRefreshTimeout).";
}
leaf templateLifePacket {
type uint32;
units "IPFIX Messages";
description "If this parameter is configured, Templates
defined in a UDP Transport Session become invalid if ...";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 10.3.7; RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionTemplateRefreshPacket).";
}
leaf optionsTemplateLifePacket {
type uint32;
units "IPFIX Messages";
description "If this parameter is configured, Options
Templates defined in a UDP Transport Session become
invalid if ...";
reference "RFC 5101, Section 10.3.7; RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionOptionsTemplateRefreshPacket).";
}
}
ct:complex-type TcpCollector {
ct:extends IpCollector;
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description "Collector listening on a TCP socket.";
leaf-list localIPAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
description "List of local IP addresses on which the Collecting
Process listens for IPFIX Messages.";
}
}
ct:complex-type FileReader {
ct:extends Collector;
description "File Reading collector.";
leaf file {
type inet:uri;
mandatory true;
description "URI specifying the location of the file.";
}
leaf bytes {
type yang:counter64;
units octets;
config false;
description "The number of bytes read by the File Reader.
... ";
}
leaf messages {
type yang:counter64;
units "IPFIX Messages";
config false;
description "The number of IPFIX Messages read by the File
Reader. ... ";
}
leaf records {
type yang:counter64;
units "Data Records";
config false;
description "The number of Data Records read by the File
Reader. ... ";
}
leaf templates {
type yang:counter32;
units "Templates";
config false;
description "The number of Template Records (excluding
Options Template Records) read by the File Reader. ...";
}
leaf optionsTemplates {
type yang:counter32;
units "Options Templates";
config false;
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description "The number of Options Template Records read by
the File Reader. ... ";
}
leaf fileReaderDiscontinuityTime {
type yang:date-and-time;
config false;
description "Timestamp of the most recent occasion ... ";
}
list template {
config false;
description "This list contains the Templates and Options
Templates that have been read by the File Reader.
Withdrawn or invalidated (Options) Templates MUST be removed
from this list.";
uses templateParameters;
}
}
ct:complex-type SelectionProcess {
description "Selection Process";
key name;
leaf name {
type nameType;
description "Key of a selection process.";
}
ct:instance-list selector {
ct:instance-type Selector;
min-elements 1;
ordered-by user;
description "List of Selectors that define the action of the
Selection Process on a single packet. The Selectors are
serially invoked in the same order as they appear in this
list.";
}
list selectionSequence {
config false;
description "This list contains the Selection Sequence IDs
which are assigned by the Monitoring Device ... ";
reference "RFC 5476.";
leaf observationDomainId {
type uint32;
description "Observation Domain ID for which the
Selection Sequence ID is assigned.";
}
leaf selectionSequenceId {
type uint64;
description "Selection Sequence ID used in the Selection
Sequence (Statistics) Report Interpretation.";
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}
}
leaf cache {
type instance-identifier { ct:instance-type Cache; }
description "Cache which receives the output of the
Selection Process.";
}
}
/*****************************************************************
* Groupings
*****************************************************************/
grouping transportLayerSecurityParameters {
description "Transport layer security parameters.";
leaf-list localCertificationAuthorityDN {
type string;
description "Distinguished names of certification authorities
whose certificates may be used to identify the local
endpoint.";
}
leaf-list localSubjectDN {
type string;
description "Distinguished names that may be used in the
certificates to identify the local endpoint.";
}
leaf-list localSubjectFQDN {
type inet:domain-name;
description "Fully qualified domain names that may be used to
in the certificates to identify the local endpoint.";
}
leaf-list remoteCertificationAuthorityDN {
type string;
description "Distinguished names of certification authorities
whose certificates are accepted to authorize remote
endpoints.";
}
leaf-list remoteSubjectDN {
type string;
description "Distinguished names that are accepted in
certificates to authorize remote endpoints.";
}
leaf-list remoteSubjectFQDN {
type inet:domain-name;
description "Fully qualified domain names that are accepted in
certificates to authorize remote endpoints.";
}
}
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grouping templateParameters {
description "State parameters of a Template used by an Exporting
Process or received by a Collecting Process ... ";
reference "RFC 5101; RFC 5815, Section 8 (ipfixTemplateEntry,
ipfixTemplateDefinitionEntry, ipfixTemplateStatsEntry)";
leaf observationDomainId {
type uint32;
description "The ID of the Observation Domain for which this
Template is defined.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTemplateObservationDomainId).";
}
leaf templateId {
type uint16 {
range "256..65535" {
description "Valid range of Template Ids.";
reference "RFC 5101";
}
}
description "This number indicates the Template Id in the IPFIX
message.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8 (ipfixTemplateId).";
}
leaf setId {
type uint16;
description "This number indicates the Set Id of the Template.
... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8 (ipfixTemplateSetId).";
}
leaf accessTime {
type yang:date-and-time;
description "Used for Exporting Processes, ... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8 (ipfixTemplateAccessTime).";
}
leaf templateDataRecords {
type yang:counter64;
description "The number of transmitted or received Data
Records ... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8 (ipfixTemplateDataRecords).";
}
leaf templateDiscontinuityTime {
type yang:date-and-time;
description "Timestamp of the most recent occasion at which
the counter templateDataRecords suffered a discontinuity.
... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTemplateDiscontinuityTime).";
}
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 69]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
list field {
description "This list contains the (Options) Template
fields of which the (Options) Template is defined.
... ";
leaf ieId {
type uint16 {
range "1..32767" {
description "Valid range of Information Element
identifiers.";
reference "RFC 5102, Section 4.";
}
}
description "This parameter indicates the Information
Element Id of the field.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8 (ipfixTemplateDefinitionIeId);
RFC 5102.";
}
leaf ieLength {
type uint16;
units octets;
description "This parameter indicates the length of the
Information Element of the field.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTemplateDefinitionIeLength); RFC 5102.";
}
leaf ieEnterpriseNumber {
type uint32;
description "This parameter indicates the IANA enterprise
number of the authority ... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTemplateDefinitionEnterpriseNumber).";
}
leaf isFlowKey {
when "../../setId = 2" {
description "This parameter is available for non-Options
Templates (Set Id is 2).";
}
type empty;
description "If present, this is a Flow Key field.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTemplateDefinitionFlags).";
}
leaf isScope {
when "../../setId = 3" {
description "This parameter is available for Options
Templates (Set Id is 3).";
}
type empty;
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 70]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
description "If present, this is a scope field.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTemplateDefinitionFlags).";
}
}
}
grouping transportSessionParameters {
description "State parameters of a Transport Session ... ";
reference "RFC 5101; RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionEntry,
ipfixTransportSessionStatsEntry)";
leaf ipfixVersion {
type uint16;
description "Used for Exporting Processes, this parameter
contains the version number of the IPFIX protocol ... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionIpfixVersion).";
}
leaf sourceAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
description "The source address of the Exporter of the
IPFIX Transport Session... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionSourceAddressType,
ipfixTransportSessionSourceAddress).";
}
leaf destinationAddress {
type inet:ip-address;
description "The destination address of the Collector of
the IPFIX Transport Session... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionDestinationAddressType,
ipfixTransportSessionDestinationAddress).";
}
leaf sourcePort {
type inet:port-number;
description "The transport protocol port number of the
Exporter of the IPFIX Transport Session.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionSourcePort).";
}
leaf destinationPort {
type inet:port-number;
description "The transport protocol port number of the
Collector of the IPFIX Transport Session... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionDestinationPort).";
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}
leaf sctpAssocId {
type uint32;
description "The association id used for the SCTP session
between the Exporter and the Collector ... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionSctpAssocId),
RFC 3871";
}
leaf status {
type transportSessionStatus;
description "Status of the Transport Session.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8 (ipfixTransportSessionStatus).";
}
leaf rate {
type yang:gauge32;
units "bytes per second";
description "The number of bytes per second transmitted by the
Exporting Process or received by the Collecting Process.
This parameter is updated every second.";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8 (ipfixTransportSessionRate).";
}
leaf bytes {
type yang:counter64;
units bytes;
description "The number of bytes transmitted by the
Exporting Process or received by the Collecting
Process ... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8 (ipfixTransportSessionBytes).";
}
leaf messages {
type yang:counter64;
units "IPFIX Messages";
description "The number of messages transmitted by the
Exporting Process or received by the Collecting Process... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionMessages).";
}
leaf discardedMessages {
type yang:counter64;
units "IPFIX Messages";
description "Used for Exporting Processes, this parameter
indicates the number of messages that could not be
sent ...";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionDiscardedMessages).";
}
leaf records {
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type yang:counter64;
units "Data Records";
description "The number of Data Records transmitted ... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionRecords).";
}
leaf templates {
type yang:counter32;
units "Templates";
description "The number of Templates transmitted by the
Exporting Process or received by the Collecting Process.
... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionTemplates).";
}
leaf optionsTemplates {
type yang:counter32;
units "Options Templates";
description "The number of Option Templates transmitted by the
Exporting Process or received by the Collecting Process...";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionOptionsTemplates).";
}
leaf transportSessionStartTime {
type yang:date-and-time;
description "Timestamp of the start of the given Transport
Session... ";
}
leaf transportSessionDiscontinuityTime {
type yang:date-and-time;
description "Timestamp of the most recent occasion at which
one or more of the Transport Session counters suffered a
discontinuity... ";
reference "RFC 5815, Section 8
(ipfixTransportSessionDiscontinuityTime).";
}
list template {
description "This list contains the Templates and Options
Templates that are transmitted by the Exporting Process
or received by the Collecting Process.
Withdrawn or invalidated (Options) Templates MUST be removed
from this list.";
uses templateParameters;
}
}
/*****************************************************************
* Main container
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 73]RFC 6095 YANG Language Abstractions March 2011
*****************************************************************/
container ipfix {
description "Top-level node of the IPFIX/PSAMP configuration
data model.";
ct:instance-list collectingProcess {
if-feature collector;
ct:instance-type CollectingProcess;
}
ct:instance-list observationPoint {
if-feature meter;
ct:instance-type ObservationPoint;
}
ct:instance-list selectionProcess {
if-feature meter;
ct:instance-type SelectionProcess;
}
ct:instance-list cache {
if-feature meter;
description "Cache of the Monitoring Device.";
ct:instance-type Cache;
}
ct:instance-list exportingProcess {
if-feature exporter;
description "Exporting Process of the Monitoring Device.";
ct:instance-type ExportingProcess;
}
}
}
<CODE ENDS>
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Authors' Addresses
Bernd Linowski
TCS/Nokia Siemens Networks
Heltorfer Strasse 1
Duesseldorf 40472
Germany
EMail: bernd.linowski.ext@nsn.com
Mehmet Ersue
Nokia Siemens Networks
St.-Martin-Strasse 76
Munich 81541
Germany
EMail: mehmet.ersue@nsn.com
Siarhei Kuryla
360 Treasury Systems
Grueneburgweg 16-18
Frankfurt am Main 60322
Germany
EMail: s.kuryla@gmail.com
Linowski, et al. Experimental [Page 75]
