Independent Submission M. Boucadair
Request for Comments: 6431 P. Levis
Category: Informational France Telecom
ISSN: 2070-1721 G. Bajko
T. Savolainen
Nokia
T. Tsou
Huawei Technologies (USA)
November 2011
Huawei Port Range Configuration Options for PPP
IP Control Protocol (IPCP)
Abstract
This document defines two Huawei IPCP (IP Control Protocol) options
used to convey a set of ports. These options can be used in the
context of port range-based solutions or NAT-based solutions for port
delegation and forwarding purposes.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently of any other
RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at
its discretion and makes no statement about its value for
implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by
the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6431.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 1]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
1.1. Use Cases ..................................................3
1.2. Terminology ................................................3
1.3. Requirements Language ......................................4
2. Port Range Options ..............................................4
2.1. Description of Port Range Value and Port Range Mask ........4
2.2. Cryptographically Random Port Range Option .................6
2.2.1. Random Port Delegation Function .....................6
2.2.2. Description of Cryptographically Random Port
Range Option ........................................8
2.3. Illustration Examples .....................................10
2.3.1. Overview ...........................................10
2.3.2. Successful Flow: Port Range Options Supported
by Both the Client and the Server ..................10
2.3.3. Port Range Option Not Supported by the Server ......11
2.3.4. Port Range Option Not Supported by the Client ......13
3. Security Considerations ........................................14
4. Contributors ...................................................14
5. Acknowledgements ...............................................14
6. References .....................................................14
6.1. Normative References ......................................14
6.2. Informative References ....................................15
1. Introduction
Within the context of IPv4 address depletion, several solutions have
been investigated to share IPv4 addresses. Two flavors can be
distinguished: NAT-based solutions (e.g., Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN)
[CGN-REQS]) and port range-based solutions (e.g., [RFC6346]
[PORT-RANGE-ARCH] [SAM]). Port range-based solutions do not require
an additional NAT level in the service provider's domain. Several
means may be used to convey port range information.
This document defines the notion of "Port Mask", which is generic and
flexible. Several allocation schemes may be implemented when using a
Port Mask. It proposes a basic mechanism that allows the allocation
of a unique port range to a requesting client. This document defines
Huawei IPCP options to be used to carry port range information.
IPv4 address exhaustion is only provided as an example of the usage
of the PPP IPCP options defined in this document. In particular,
Port Range options may be used independently of the presence of the
IP-Address IPCP Option.
This document adheres to the considerations defined in [RFC2153].
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 2]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
This document is not a product of the PPPEXT working group.
Note that IPR disclosures apply to this document (see
https://datatracker.ietf.org/ipr/).
1.1. Use Cases
Port Range options can be used in port range-based solutions (e.g.,
[RFC6346]) or in a CGN-based solution. These options can be used in
a CGN context to bypass the NAT (i.e., for transparent NAT traversal,
and to avoid involving several NAT levels in the path) or to delegate
one or a set of ports to the requesting client (e.g., to avoid the
ALG (Application Level Gateway), or for port forwarding).
Section 3.3.1 of [RFC6346] specifies an example of usage of the
options defined in this document.
1.2. Terminology
To differentiate between a port range containing a contiguous span of
port numbers and a port range with non-contiguous and possibly random
port numbers, the following denominations are used:
o Contiguous Port Range: A set of port values that form a contiguous
sequence.
o Non-Contiguous Port Range: A set of port values that do not form a
contiguous sequence.
o Random Port Range: A cryptographically random set of port values.
Unless explicitly mentioned, "Port Mask" refers to the tuple (Port
Range Value, Port Range Mask).
In addition, this document makes use of the following terms:
o Delegated port or delegated port range: A port or a range of ports
that belong to an IP address managed by an upstream device (such
as NAT) and that are delegated to a client for use as the source
address and port when sending packets.
o Forwarded port or forwarder port range: A port or a range of ports
that belong to an IP address managed by an upstream device such as
(NAT) and that are statically mapped to the internal IP address of
the client and same port number of the client.
This memo uses the same terminology as [RFC1661].
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 3]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
1.3. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
2. Port Range Options
This section defines the IPCP Option for port range delegation. The
format of vendor-specific options is defined in [RFC2153]. Below are
the values to be conveyed when the Port Range Option is used:
o Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI): This field is set to
781DBA (hex).
o Kind: This field is set to F0 (hex).
o Value(s): The content of this field is specified in Sections 2.1
and 2.2.2.
2.1. Description of Port Range Value and Port Range Mask
The Port Range Value and Port Range Mask are used to specify one
range of ports (contiguous or non-contiguous) pertaining to a given
IP address. Concretely, the Port Range Mask and Port Range Value are
used to notify a remote peer about the Port Mask to be applied when
selecting a port value as a source port. The Port Range Value is
used to infer a set of allowed port values. A Port Range Mask
defines a set of ports that all have in common a subset of
pre-positioned bits. This set of ports is also referred to as the
port range.
Two port numbers are said to belong to the same port range if and
only if they have the same Port Range Mask.
A Port Mask is composed of a Port Range Value and a Port Range Mask:
o The Port Range Value indicates the value of the significant bits
of the Port Mask. The Port Range Value is coded as follows:
* The significant bits may take a value of 0 or 1.
* All of the other bits (i.e., non-significant ones) are set
to 0.
o The Port Range Mask indicates, by the bit(s) set to 1, the
position of the significant bits of the Port Range Value.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 4]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
This IPCP Configuration Option provides a way to negotiate the Port
Range to be used on the local end of the link. It allows the sender
of the Configure-Request message to state which port range associated
with a given IP address is desired, or to request that the peer
provide the configuration. The peer can provide this information by
NAKing the option, and returning a valid port range (i.e., (Port
Range Value, Port Range Mask)).
If a peer issues a request enclosing the IPCP Port Range Option and
the server does not support this option, the Port Range Option is
rejected by the server.
The set of ports conveyed in an IPCP Port Range Option applies to all
transport protocols.
The set of ports conveyed in an IPCP Port Range Option is revoked
when the link is no longer up (e.g., when Terminate-Request and
Terminate-Ack are exchanged).
The Port Range IPCP option adheres to the format defined in
Section 2.1 of [RFC2153]. The "Value(s)" field of the option defined
in [RFC2153] when conveying the Port Range IPCP Option is provided in
Figure 1.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|M| Reserved | Port Range Value |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Port Range Mask |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Most significant bit (MSB) network order is used for encoding the
Port Range Value and Port Range Mask fields.
Figure 1: Format of the Port Range IPCP Option
o M: mode bit. The mode bit indicates the mode for which the port
range is allocated. A value of zero indicates that the port
ranges are delegated, while a value of 1 indicates that the port
ranges are port-forwarded.
o Port Range Value (PRV): The PRV indicates the value of the
significant bits of the Port Mask. By default, no PRV is
assigned.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 5]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
o Port Range Mask (PRM): The Port Range Mask indicates the position
of the bits that are used to build the Port Range Value. By
default, no PRM value is assigned. The 1 values in the Port Range
Mask indicate by their position the significant bits of the Port
Range Value.
Figure 2 provides an example of the resulting port range:
- The Port Range Mask is set to 0001010000000000 (5120).
- The Port Range Value is set to 0000010000000000 (1024).
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0| Port Range Mask
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| | (two significant bits)
v v
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0| Port Range Value
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|x x x 0 x 1 x x x x x x x x x x| Usable ports
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ (x may be set to 0 or 1)
Figure 2: Example of Port Range Mask and Port Range Value
Port values belonging to this port range must have the fourth bit
from the left set to 0, and the sixth bit from the left set to 1.
Only these port values will be used by the peer when enforcing the
configuration conveyed by PPP IPCP.
2.2. Cryptographically Random Port Range Option
A cryptographically random Port Range Option may be used as a
mitigation tool against blind attacks such as those described in
[RFC6056].
2.2.1. Random Port Delegation Function
Delegating random ports can be achieved by defining a function that
takes as input a key 'K' and an integer 'x' within the 1024-65535
port range and produces an output 'y' also within the 1024-65535 port
range.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 6]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
The cryptographic mechanism uses the 1024-65535 port range rather
than the ephemeral range, 49152-65535, for generating a set of ports
to optimize IPv4 address utilization efficiency (see "Appendix B.
Address Space Multiplicative Factor" of [RFC6269]). This behavior is
compliant with the recommendation to use the whole 1024-65535 port
range for the ephemeral port selection algorithms (see Section 3.2 of
[RFC6056]).
The cryptographic mechanism ensures that the entire 64k port range
can be efficiently distributed to multiple nodes such that when nodes
calculate the ports, the results will never overlap with ports that
other nodes have calculated (property of permutation), and ports in
the reserved range (smaller than 1024) are not used. As the
randomization is done cryptographically, an attacker seeing a node
using some port X cannot determine which other ports the node may be
using (as the attacker does not know the key). Calculation of the
random port list is done as follows:
The cryptographic mechanism uses an encryption function y = E(K,x)
that takes as input a key K (for example, 128 bits) and an integer x
(the plaintext) in the 1024-65535 port range, and produces an output
y (the ciphertext), also an integer in the 1024-65535 port range.
This section describes one such encryption function, but others are
also possible.
The server will select the key K. When the server wants to allocate,
for example, 2048 random ports, it selects a starting point 'a'
(1024 <= a <= 65536-2048) such that the port range (a, a+2048) does
not overlap with any other active client, and calculates the values
E(K,a), E(K,a+1), E(K,a+2), ..., E(K,a+2046), E(K,a+2047). These are
the port numbers allocated for this node. Instead of sending the
port numbers individually, the server just sends the values 'K', 'a',
and '2048'. The client will then repeat the same calculation.
The server SHOULD use a different key K for each IPv4 address it
allocates, to make attacks as difficult as possible. This way,
learning the key K used in IPv4 address IP1 would not help in
attacking IPv4 address IP2 where IP2 is allocated by the same server
to different nodes.
With typical encryption functions (such as AES and DES), the input
(plaintext) and output (ciphertext) are blocks of some fixed size --
for example, 128 bits for AES, and 64 bits for DES. For port
randomization, we need an encryption function whose input and output
is an integer in the 1024-65535 port range.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 7]
RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
One possible way to do this is to use the 'Generalized Feistel
Cipher' [CIPHERS] construction by Black and Rogaway, with AES as the
underlying round function.
This would look as follows (using pseudo-code):
def E(k, x):
y = Feistel16(k, x)
if y >= 1024:
return y
else:
return E(k, y)
Note that although E(k,x) is recursive, it is guaranteed to
terminate. The average number of iterations is just slightly over 1.
Feistel16 is a 16-bit block cipher:
def Feistel16(k, x):
left = x & 0xff
right = x >> 8
for round = 1 to 3:
temp = left ^ FeistelRound(k, round, right))
left = right
right = temp
return (right << 8) | left
The Feistel round function uses:
def FeistelRound(k, round, x):
msg[0] = round
msg[1] = x
msg[2...15] = 0
return AES(k, msg)[0]
Performance: To generate a list of 2048 port numbers, about 6000
calls to AES are required (i.e., encrypting 96 kilobytes). Thus, it
will not be a problem for any device that can do, for example, HTTPS
(web browsing over Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security
(SSL/TLS)).
2.2.2. Description of Cryptographically Random Port Range Option
The cryptographically random Port Range IPCP Option adheres to the
format defined in Section 2.1 of [RFC2153]. The "Value(s)" field of
the option defined in [RFC2153] when conveying the cryptographically
random Port Range IPCP Option is illustrated in Figure 3.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 8]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|M| Reserved | function |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| starting point | number of delegated ports |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| key K ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: Format of the Cryptographically Random Port Range Option
o M: mode bit. The mode bit indicates the mode for which the port
range is allocated. A value of zero indicates that the port
ranges are delegated, while a value of 1 indicates that the port
ranges are port-forwarded.
o Function: A 16-bit field whose value is associated with predefined
encryption functions. This specification associates value 1 with
the predefined function described in Section 2.2.1.
o Starting Point: A 16-bit value used as an input to the specified
function.
o Number of delegated ports: A 16-bit value specifying the number of
ports delegated to the client for use as source port values.
o Key K: A 128-bit key used as input to the predefined function for
delegated port calculation.
When the option is included in the IPCP Configure-Request, the "Key
K" and "Starting Point" fields SHALL be set to all zeros. The
requester MAY indicate in the "Function" field which encryption
function the requester prefers, and in the "Number of Delegated
Ports" field the number of ports the requester would like to obtain.
If the requester has no preference, it SHALL also set the "Function"
field and/or "Number of Delegated Ports" field to zero.
The usage of the option in IPCP message negotiation (Request/Reject/
Nak/Ack) follows the logic described for Port Mask and Port Range
options in Section 2.1.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 9]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
2.3. Illustration Examples
2.3.1. Overview
The following flows provide examples of the usage of IPCP to convey
the Port Range Option. As illustrated in Figures 4, 5, and 6, IPCP
messages are exchanged between a Host and a BRAS (Broadband Remote
Access Server).
2.3.2. Successful Flow: Port Range Options Supported by Both the Client
and the Server
The following message exchange (Figure 4) depicts a successful IPCP
configuration operation where the Port Range IPCP Option is used.
+-----+ +-----+
| Host| | BRAS|
+-----+ +-----+
| |
| (1) IPCP Configure-Request |
| IP ADDRESS=0.0.0.0 |
| PORT RANGE VALUE=0 |
| PORT RANGE MASK=0 |
|===============================================>|
| |
| (2) IPCP Configure-Nak |
| IP ADDRESS=a.b.c.d |
| PORT RANGE VALUE=80 |
| PORT RANGE MASK=496 |
|<===============================================|
| |
| (3) IPCP Configure-Request |
| IP ADDRESS=a.b.c.d |
| PORT RANGE VALUE=80 |
| PORT RANGE MASK=496 |
|===============================================>|
| |
| (4) IPCP Configure-Ack |
| IP ADDRESS=a.b.c.d |
| PORT RANGE VALUE=80 |
| PORT RANGE MASK=496 |
|<===============================================|
| |
Figure 4: Successful Flow
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 10]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
The main steps of this flow are listed below:
(1) The Host sends a first Configure-Request, which includes the
set of options it desires to negotiate. All of these
configuration options are negotiated simultaneously. In this
step, the Configure-Request carries information about the IP
address, the Port Range Value, and the Port Range Mask. The
IP-Address Option is set to 0.0.0.0, the Port Range Value is
set to 0, and the Port Range Mask is set to 0.
(2) The BRAS sends back a Configure-Nak and sets the enclosed
options to its preferred values. In this step, the
IP-Address Option is set to a.b.c.d, the Port Range Value is
set to 80, and the Port Range Mask is set to 496.
(3) The Host re-sends a Configure-Request requesting that the
IP-Address Option be set to a.b.c.d, the Port Range Value be
set to 80, and the Port Range Mask be set to 496.
(4) The BRAS sends a Configure-Ack message.
As a result of this exchange, the Host is configured to use a.b.c.d
as its local IP address, and the following 128 contiguous port ranges
resulting from the Port Mask (Port Range Value == 0, Port Range Mask
== 496):
- from 80 to 95
- from 592 to 607
- ...
- from 65104 to 65119
2.3.3. Port Range Option Not Supported by the Server
Figure 5 depicts an exchange of messages where the BRAS does not
support the IPCP Port Range Option.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 11]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
+-----+ +-----+
| Host| | BRAS|
+-----+ +-----+
| |
| (1) IPCP Configure-Request |
| IP ADDRESS=0.0.0.0 |
| PORT RANGE VALUE=0 |
| PORT RANGE MASK=0 |
|===============================================>|
| |
| (2) IPCP Configure-Reject |
| PORT RANGE VALUE=0 |
| PORT RANGE MASK=0 |
|<===============================================|
| |
| (3) IPCP Configure-Request |
| IP ADDRESS=0.0.0.0 |
|===============================================>|
| |
| (4) IPCP Configure-Nak |
| IP ADDRESS=a.b.c.d |
|<===============================================|
| |
| (5) IPCP Configure-Request |
| IP ADDRESS=a.b.c.d |
|===============================================>|
| |
| (6) IPCP Configure-Ack |
| IP ADDRESS=a.b.c.d |
|<===============================================|
| |
Figure 5: Failed Flow: Port Range Option Not Supported by the Server
The main steps of this flow are listed below:
(1) The Host sends a first Configure-Request, which includes the
set of options it desires to negotiate. All of these
configuration options are negotiated simultaneously. In this
step, the Configure-Request carries the codes of the
IP-Address, Port Range Value, and Port Range Mask options.
The IP-Address Option is set to 0.0.0.0, the Port Range Value
is set to 0, and the Port Range Mask is set to 0.
(2) The BRAS sends back a Configure-Reject to decline the Port
Range Option.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 12]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
(3) The Host sends a Configure-Request, which includes only the
codes of the IP-Address Option. In this step, the IP-Address
Option is set to 0.0.0.0.
(4) The BRAS sends back a Configure-Nak and sets the enclosed
option to its preferred value. In this step, the IP-Address
Option is set to a.b.c.d.
(5) The Host re-sends a Configure-Request requesting that the
IP-Address Option be set to a.b.c.d.
(6) The BRAS sends a Configure-Ack message.
As a result of this exchange, the Host is configured to use a.b.c.d
as its local IP address. This IP address is not a shared IP address.
2.3.4. Port Range Option Not Supported by the Client
Figure 6 depicts exchanges where only shared IP addresses are
assigned to end-users' devices. The server is configured to assign
only shared IP addresses. If Port Range options are not enclosed in
the configuration request, the request is rejected, and the
requesting peer will be unable to access the service.
+-----+ +-----+
| Host| | BRAS|
+-----+ +-----+
| |
| (1) IPCP Configure-Request |
| IP ADDRESS=0.0.0.0 |
|===============================================>|
| |
| (2) IPCP Protocol-Reject |
|<===============================================|
| |
Figure 6: Port Range Option Not Supported by the Client
The main steps of this flow are listed below:
(1) The Host sends a Configure-Request requesting that the
IP-Address Option be set to 0.0.0.0, and without enclosing
the Port Range Option.
(2) The BRAS sends a Protocol-Reject message.
As a result of this exchange, the Host is not able to access the
service.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 13]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
3. Security Considerations
This document does not introduce any security issues in addition to
those related to PPP. Service providers should use authentication
mechanisms such as the Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
(CHAP) [RFC1994] or PPP link encryption [RFC1968].
The use of small and non-random port ranges may increase host
exposure to attacks, as described in [RFC6056]. This risk can be
reduced by using larger port ranges, by using the random Port Range
Option, or by activating means to improve the robustness of TCP
against blind in-window attacks [RFC5961].
4. Contributors
Jean-Luc Grimault and Alain Villefranque contributed to this
document.
5. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank C. Jacquenet, J. Carlson, B.
Carpenter, M. Townsley, and J. Arkko for their review.
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC1661] Simpson, W., Ed., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)",
STD 51, RFC 1661, July 1994.
[RFC1968] Meyer, G., "The PPP Encryption Control Protocol (ECP)",
RFC 1968, June 1996.
[RFC1994] Simpson, W., "PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol (CHAP)", RFC 1994, August 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2153] Simpson, W., "PPP Vendor Extensions", RFC 2153, May 1997.
[RFC5961] Ramaiah, A., Stewart, R., and M. Dalal, "Improving TCP's
Robustness to Blind In-Window Attacks", RFC 5961,
August 2010.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 14]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
6.2. Informative References
[CGN-REQS]
Perreault, S., Ed., Yamagata, I., Miyakawa, S., Nakagawa,
A., and H. Ashida, "Common requirements for Carrier Grade
NAT (CGN)", Work in Progress, October 2011.
[CIPHERS] Black, J. and P. Rogaway, "Ciphers with Arbitrary Finite
Domains. Topics in Cryptology", CT-RSA 2002, Lecture
Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2271, 2002.
[PORT-RANGE-ARCH]
Boucadair, M., Ed., Levis, P., Bajko, G., and T.
Savolainen, "IPv4 Connectivity Access in the Context of
IPv4 Address Exhaustion: Port Range based IP
Architecture", Work in Progress, July 2009.
[RFC6056] Larsen, M. and F. Gont, "Recommendations for Transport-
Protocol Port Randomization", BCP 156, RFC 6056,
January 2011.
[RFC6269] Ford, M., Ed., Boucadair, M., Durand, A., Levis, P., and
P. Roberts, "Issues with IP Address Sharing", RFC 6269,
June 2011.
[RFC6346] Bush, R., Ed., "The Address plus Port (A+P) Approach to
the IPv4 Address Shortage", RFC 6346, August 2011.
[SAM] Despres, R., "Scalable Multihoming across IPv6 Local-
Address Routing Zones Global-Prefix/Local-Address
Stateless Address Mapping (SAM)", Work in Progress,
July 2009.
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 15]RFC 6431 Port Range IPCP Options November 2011
Authors' Addresses
Mohamed Boucadair
France Telecom
Rennes 35000
France
EMail: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com
Pierre Levis
France Telecom
Caen
France
EMail: pierre.levis@orange.com
Gabor Bajko
Nokia
EMail: gabor.bajko@nokia.com
Teemu Savolainen
Nokia
EMail: teemu.savolainen@nokia.com
Tina Tsou
Huawei Technologies (USA)
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara, CA 95050
USA
Phone: +1 408 330 4424
EMail: tina.tsou.zouting@huawei.com
Boucadair, et al. Informational [Page 16]
