Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Weiler, Ed.
Request for Comments: 6840 SPARTA, Inc.
Updates: 4033, 4034, 4035, 5155 D. Blacka, Ed.
Category: Standards Track Verisign, Inc.
ISSN: 2070-1721 February 2013
Clarifications and Implementation Notes for DNS Security (DNSSEC)
Abstract
This document is a collection of technical clarifications to the DNS
Security (DNSSEC) document set. It is meant to serve as a resource
to implementors as well as a collection of DNSSEC errata that existed
at the time of writing.
This document updates the core DNSSEC documents (RFC 4033, RFC 4034,
and RFC 4035) as well as the NSEC3 specification (RFC 5155). It also
defines NSEC3 and SHA-2 (RFC 4509 and RFC 5702) as core parts of the
DNSSEC specification.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6840.
Weiler & Blacka Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 6840 DNSSEC Implementation Notes February 2013
Copyright Notice
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not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
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RFC 6840 DNSSEC Implementation Notes February 2013
Table of Contents
1. Introduction and Terminology ....................................4
1.1. Structure of This Document .................................4
1.2. Terminology ................................................4
2. Important Additions to DNSSEC ...................................4
2.1. NSEC3 Support ..............................................4
2.2. SHA-2 Support ..............................................5
3. Scaling Concerns ................................................5
3.1. Implement a BAD Cache ......................................5
4. Security Concerns ...............................................5
4.1. Clarifications on Nonexistence Proofs ......................5
4.2. Validating Responses to an ANY Query .......................6
4.3. Check for CNAME ............................................6
4.4. Insecure Delegation Proofs .................................7
5. Interoperability Concerns .......................................7
5.1. Errors in Canonical Form Type Code List ....................7
5.2. Unknown DS Message Digest Algorithms .......................7
5.3. Private Algorithms .........................................8
5.4. Caution about Local Policy and Multiple RRSIGs .............9
5.5. Key Tag Calculation ........................................9
5.6. Setting the DO Bit on Replies ..............................9
5.7. Setting the AD Bit on Queries .............................10
5.8. Setting the AD Bit on Replies .............................10
5.9. Always Set the CD Bit on Queries ..........................10
5.10. Nested Trust Anchors .....................................11
5.11. Mandatory Algorithm Rules ................................11
5.12. Ignore Extra Signatures from Unknown Keys ................12
6. Minor Corrections and Clarifications ...........................12
6.1. Finding Zone Cuts .........................................12
6.2. Clarifications on DNSKEY Usage ............................12
6.3. Errors in Examples ........................................13
6.4. Errors in RFC 5155 ........................................13
7. Security Considerations ........................................13
8. References .....................................................14
8.1. Normative References ......................................14
8.2. Informative References ....................................15
Appendix A. Acknowledgments .......................................16
Appendix B. Discussion of Setting the CD Bit ......................16
Appendix C. Discussion of Trust Anchor Preference Options .........19
C.1. Closest Encloser ..........................................19
C.2. Accept Any Success ........................................20
C.3. Preference Based on Source ................................20
Weiler & Blacka Standards Track [Page 3]RFC 6840 DNSSEC Implementation Notes February 2013
1. Introduction and Terminology
This document lists some additions, clarifications, and corrections
to the core DNSSEC specification, as originally described in
[RFC4033], [RFC4034], and [RFC4035], and later amended by [RFC5155].
(See Section 2 for more recent additions to that core document set.)
It is intended to serve as a resource for implementors and as a
repository of items existing at the time of writing that need to be
addressed when advancing the DNSSEC documents along the Standards
Track.
1.1. Structure of This Document
The clarifications and changes to DNSSEC are sorted according to
their importance, starting with ones which could, if ignored, lead to
security problems and progressing down to clarifications that are
expected to have little operational impact.
1.2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
[RFC2119].
2. Important Additions to DNSSEC
This section lists some documents that are now considered core DNSSEC
protocol documents in addition to those originally specified in
Section 10 of [RFC4033].
2.1. NSEC3 Support
[RFC5155] describes the use and behavior of the NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM
records for hashed denial of existence. Validator implementations
are strongly encouraged to include support for NSEC3 because a number
of highly visible zones use it. Validators that do not support
validation of responses using NSEC3 will be hampered in validating
large portions of the DNS space.
[RFC5155] is now considered part of the DNS Security Document Family
as described by Section 10 of [RFC4033].
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RFC 6840 DNSSEC Implementation Notes February 2013
Note that the algorithm identifiers defined in [RFC5155] (DSA-NSEC3-
SHA1 and RSASHA1-NSEC3-SHA1) and [RFC5702] (RSASHA256 and RSASHA512)
signal that a zone might be using NSEC3, rather than NSEC. The zone
may be using either, and validators supporting these algorithms MUST
support both NSEC3 and NSEC responses.
2.2. SHA-2 Support
[RFC4509] describes the use of SHA-256 as a digest algorithm in
Delegation Signer (DS) RRs. [RFC5702] describes the use of the
RSASHA256 and RSASHA512 algorithms in DNSKEY and RRSIG RRs.
Validator implementations are strongly encouraged to include support
for these algorithms for DS, DNSKEY, and RRSIG records.
Both [RFC4509] and [RFC5702] are now considered part of the DNS
Security Document Family as described by Section 10 of [RFC4033].
3. Scaling Concerns
3.1. Implement a BAD Cache
Section 4.7 of [RFC4035] permits security-aware resolvers to
implement a BAD cache. That guidance has changed: security-aware
resolvers SHOULD implement a BAD cache as described in [RFC4035].
This change in guidance is based on operational experience with
DNSSEC administrative errors leading to significant increases in DNS
traffic, with an accompanying realization that such events are more
likely and more damaging than originally supposed. An example of one
such event is documented in "Rolling Over DNSSEC Keys" [Huston].
4. Security Concerns
This section provides clarifications that, if overlooked, could lead
to security issues.
4.1. Clarifications on Nonexistence Proofs
Section 5.4 of [RFC4035] under-specifies the algorithm for checking
nonexistence proofs. In particular, the algorithm as presented would
allow a validator to interpret an NSEC or NSEC3 RR from an ancestor
zone as proving the nonexistence of an RR in a child zone.
An "ancestor delegation" NSEC RR (or NSEC3 RR) is one with:
o the NS bit set,
o the Start of Authority (SOA) bit clear, and
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RFC 6840 DNSSEC Implementation Notes February 2013
o a signer field that is shorter than the owner name of the NSEC RR,
or the original owner name for the NSEC3 RR.
Ancestor delegation NSEC or NSEC3 RRs MUST NOT be used to assume
nonexistence of any RRs below that zone cut, which include all RRs at
that (original) owner name other than DS RRs, and all RRs below that
owner name regardless of type.
Similarly, the algorithm would also allow an NSEC RR at the same
owner name as a DNAME RR, or an NSEC3 RR at the same original owner
name as a DNAME, to prove the nonexistence of names beneath that
DNAME. An NSEC or NSEC3 RR with the DNAME bit set MUST NOT be used
to assume the nonexistence of any subdomain of that NSEC/NSEC3 RR's
(original) owner name.
4.2. Validating Responses to an ANY Query
[RFC4035] does not address how to validate responses when QTYPE=*.
As described in Section 6.2.2 of [RFC1034], a proper response to
QTYPE=* may include a subset of the RRsets at a given name. That is,
it is not necessary to include all RRsets at the QNAME in the
response.
When validating a response to QTYPE=*, all received RRsets that match
QNAME and QCLASS MUST be validated. If any of those RRsets fail
validation, the answer is considered Bogus. If there are no RRsets
matching QNAME and QCLASS, that fact MUST be validated according to
the rules in Section 5.4 of [RFC4035] (as clarified in this
document). To be clear, a validator must not expect to receive all
records at the QNAME in response to QTYPE=*.
4.3. Check for CNAME
Section 5 of [RFC4035] says nothing explicit about validating
responses based on (or that should be based on) CNAMEs. When
validating a NOERROR/NODATA response, validators MUST check the CNAME
bit in the matching NSEC or NSEC3 RR's type bitmap in addition to the
bit for the query type.
Without this check, an attacker could successfully transform a
positive CNAME response into a NOERROR/NODATA response by (for
example) simply stripping the CNAME RRset from the response. A naive
validator would then note that the QTYPE was not present in the
matching NSEC/NSEC3 RR, but fail to notice that the CNAME bit was
set; thus, the response should have been a positive CNAME response.
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4.4. Insecure Delegation Proofs
Section 5.2 of [RFC4035] specifies that a validator, when proving a
delegation is not secure, needs to check for the absence of the DS
and SOA bits in the NSEC (or NSEC3) type bitmap. The validator also
MUST check for the presence of the NS bit in the matching NSEC (or
NSEC3) RR (proving that there is, indeed, a delegation), or
alternately make sure that the delegation is covered by an NSEC3 RR
with the Opt-Out flag set.
Without this check, an attacker could reuse an NSEC or NSEC3 RR
matching a non-delegation name to spoof an unsigned delegation at
that name. This would claim that an existing signed RRset (or set of
signed RRsets) is below an unsigned delegation, thus not signed and
vulnerable to further attack.
5. Interoperability Concerns
5.1. Errors in Canonical Form Type Code List
When canonicalizing DNS names (for both ordering and signing), DNS
names in the RDATA section of NSEC resource records are not converted
to lowercase. DNS names in the RDATA section of RRSIG resource
records are converted to lowercase.
The guidance in the above paragraph differs from what has been
published before but is consistent with current common practice.
Item 3 of Section 6.2 of [RFC4034] says that names in both of these
RR types should be converted to lowercase. The earlier [RFC3755]
says that they should not. Current practice follows neither document
fully.
Section 6.2 of [RFC4034] also erroneously lists HINFO as a record
that needs conversion to lowercase, and twice at that. Since HINFO
records contain no domain names, they are not subject to case
conversion.
5.2. Unknown DS Message Digest Algorithms
Section 5.2 of [RFC4035] includes rules for how to handle delegations
to zones that are signed with entirely unsupported public key
algorithms, as indicated by the key algorithms shown in those zones'
DS RRsets. It does not explicitly address how to handle DS records
that use unsupported message digest algorithms. In brief, DS records
using unknown or unsupported message digest algorithms MUST be
treated the same way as DS records referring to DNSKEY RRs of unknown
or unsupported public key algorithms.
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The existing text says:
If the validator does not support any of the algorithms listed in
an authenticated DS RRset, then the resolver has no supported
authentication path leading from the parent to the child. The
resolver should treat this case as it would the case of an
authenticated NSEC RRset proving that no DS RRset exists, as
described above.
In other words, when determining the security status of a zone, a
validator disregards any authenticated DS records that specify
unknown or unsupported DNSKEY algorithms. If none are left, the zone
is treated as if it were unsigned.
This document modifies the above text to additionally disregard
authenticated DS records using unknown or unsupported message digest
algorithms.
5.3. Private Algorithms
As discussed above, Section 5.2 of [RFC4035] requires that validators
make decisions about the security status of zones based on the public
key algorithms shown in the DS records for those zones. In the case
of private algorithms, as described in Appendix A.1.1 of [RFC4034],
the eight-bit algorithm field in the DS RR is not conclusive about
what algorithm(s) is actually in use.
If no private algorithms appear in the DS RRset, or if any supported
algorithm appears in the DS RRset, no special processing is needed.
Furthermore, if the validator implementation does not support any
private algorithms, or only supports private algorithms using an
algorithm number not present in the DS RRset, no special processing
is needed.
In the remaining cases, the security status of the zone depends on
whether or not the resolver supports any of the private algorithms in
use (provided that these DS records use supported message digest
algorithms, as discussed in Section 5.2 of this document). In these
cases, the resolver MUST retrieve the corresponding DNSKEY for each
private algorithm DS record and examine the public key field to
determine the algorithm in use. The security-aware resolver MUST
ensure that the hash of the DNSKEY RR's owner name and RDATA matches
the digest in the DS RR as described in Section 5.2 of [RFC4035],
authenticating the DNSKEY. If all of the retrieved and authenticated
DNSKEY RRs use unknown or unsupported private algorithms, then the
zone is treated as if it were unsigned.
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Note that if none of the private algorithm DS RRs can be securely
matched to DNSKEY RRs and no other DS establishes that the zone is
secure, the referral should be considered Bogus data as discussed in
[RFC4035].
This clarification facilitates the broader use of private algorithms,
as suggested by [RFC4955].
5.4. Caution about Local Policy and Multiple RRSIGs
When multiple RRSIGs cover a given RRset, Section 5.3.3 of [RFC4035]
suggests that "the local resolver security policy determines whether
the resolver also has to test these RRSIG RRs and how to resolve
conflicts if these RRSIG RRs lead to differing results".
This document specifies that a resolver SHOULD accept any valid RRSIG
as sufficient, and only determine that an RRset is Bogus if all
RRSIGs fail validation.
If a resolver adopts a more restrictive policy, there's a danger that
properly signed data might unnecessarily fail validation due to cache
timing issues. Furthermore, certain zone management techniques, like
the Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover method described in
Section 4.2.1.2 of [RFC6781], will not work reliably. Such a
resolver is also vulnerable to malicious insertion of gibberish
signatures.
5.5. Key Tag Calculation
Appendix B.1 of [RFC4034] incorrectly defines the Key Tag field
calculation for algorithm 1. It correctly says that the Key Tag is
the most significant 16 of the least significant 24 bits of the
public key modulus. However, [RFC4034] then goes on to incorrectly
say that this is fourth-to-last and third-to-last octets of the
public key modulus. It is, in fact, the third-to-last and second-to-
last octets.
5.6. Setting the DO Bit on Replies
As stated in Section 3 of [RFC3225], the DNSSEC OK (DO) bit of the
query MUST be copied in the response. However, in order to
interoperate with implementations that ignore this rule on sending,
resolvers MUST ignore the DO bit in responses.
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RFC 6840 DNSSEC Implementation Notes February 2013
5.7. Setting the AD Bit on Queries
The semantics of the Authentic Data (AD) bit in the query were
previously undefined. Section 4.6 of [RFC4035] instructed resolvers
to always clear the AD bit when composing queries.
This document defines setting the AD bit in a query as a signal
indicating that the requester understands and is interested in the
value of the AD bit in the response. This allows a requester to
indicate that it understands the AD bit without also requesting
DNSSEC data via the DO bit.
5.8. Setting the AD Bit on Replies
Section 3.2.3 of [RFC4035] describes under which conditions a
validating resolver should set or clear the AD bit in a response. In
order to interoperate with legacy stub resolvers and middleboxes that
neither understand nor ignore the AD bit, validating resolvers SHOULD
only set the AD bit when a response both meets the conditions listed
in Section 3.2.3 of [RFC4035], and the request contained either a set
DO bit or a set AD bit.
5.9. Always Set the CD Bit on Queries
When processing a request with the Checking Disabled (CD) bit set, a
resolver SHOULD attempt to return all response data, even data that
has failed DNSSEC validation. Section 3.2.2 of [RFC4035] requires a
resolver processing a request with the CD bit set to set the CD bit
on its upstream queries.
This document further specifies that validating resolvers SHOULD set
the CD bit on every upstream query. This is regardless of whether
the CD bit was set on the incoming query or whether it has a trust
anchor at or above the QNAME.
[RFC4035] is ambiguous about what to do when a cached response was
obtained with the CD bit unset, a case that only arises when the
resolver chooses not to set the CD bit on all upstream queries, as
specified above. In the typical case, no new query is required, nor
does the cache need to track the state of the CD bit used to make a
given query. The problem arises when the cached response is a server
failure (RCODE 2), which may indicate that the requested data failed
DNSSEC validation at an upstream validating resolver. ([RFC2308]
permits caching of server failures for up to five minutes.) In these
cases, a new query with the CD bit set is required.
Appendix B discusses more of the logic behind the recommendation
presented in this section.
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5.10. Nested Trust Anchors
A DNSSEC validator may be configured such that, for a given response,
more than one trust anchor could be used to validate the chain of
trust to the response zone. For example, imagine a validator
configured with trust anchors for "example." and "zone.example."
When the validator is asked to validate a response to
"www.sub.zone.example.", either trust anchor could apply.
When presented with this situation, DNSSEC validators have a choice
of which trust anchor(s) to use. Which to use is a matter of
implementation choice. Appendix C discusses several possible
algorithms.
It is possible and advisable to expose the choice of policy as a
configuration option. As a default, it is suggested that validators
implement the "Accept Any Success" policy described in Appendix C.2
while exposing other policies as configuration options.
The "Accept Any Success" policy is to try all applicable trust
anchors until one gives a validation result of Secure, in which case
the final validation result is Secure. If and only if all applicable
trust anchors give a result of Insecure, the final validation result
is Insecure. If one or more trust anchors lead to a Bogus result and
there is no Secure result, then the final validation result is Bogus.
5.11. Mandatory Algorithm Rules
The last paragraph of Section 2.2 of [RFC4035] includes rules
describing which algorithms must be used to sign a zone. Since these
rules have been confusing, they are restated using different language
here:
The DS RRset and DNSKEY RRset are used to signal which algorithms
are used to sign a zone. The presence of an algorithm in either a
zone's DS or DNSKEY RRset signals that that algorithm is used to
sign the entire zone.
A signed zone MUST include a DNSKEY for each algorithm present in
the zone's DS RRset and expected trust anchors for the zone. The
zone MUST also be signed with each algorithm (though not each key)
present in the DNSKEY RRset. It is possible to add algorithms at
the DNSKEY that aren't in the DS record, but not vice versa. If
more than one key of the same algorithm is in the DNSKEY RRset, it
is sufficient to sign each RRset with any subset of these DNSKEYs.
It is acceptable to sign some RRsets with one subset of keys (or
key) and other RRsets with a different subset, so long as at least
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one DNSKEY of each algorithm is used to sign each RRset.
Likewise, if there are DS records for multiple keys of the same
algorithm, any subset of those may appear in the DNSKEY RRset.
This requirement applies to servers, not validators. Validators
SHOULD accept any single valid path. They SHOULD NOT insist that all
algorithms signaled in the DS RRset work, and they MUST NOT insist
that all algorithms signaled in the DNSKEY RRset work. A validator
MAY have a configuration option to perform a signature completeness
test to support troubleshooting.
5.12. Ignore Extra Signatures from Unknown Keys
Validating resolvers MUST disregard RRSIGs in a zone that do not
(currently) have a corresponding DNSKEY in the zone. Similarly, a
validating resolver MUST disregard RRSIGs with algorithm types that
don't exist in the DNSKEY RRset.
Good key rollover and algorithm rollover practices, as discussed in
RFC 6781 and its successor documents and as suggested by the rules in
the previous section, may require that such RRSIGs be present in a
zone.
6. Minor Corrections and Clarifications
6.1. Finding Zone Cuts
Appendix C.8 of [RFC4035] discusses sending DS queries to the servers
for a parent zone but does not state how to find those servers.
Specific instructions can be found in Section 4.2 of [RFC4035].
6.2. Clarifications on DNSKEY Usage
It is possible to use different DNSKEYs to sign different subsets of
a zone, constrained only by the rules in Section 5.11. It is even
possible to use a different DNSKEY for each RRset in a zone, subject
only to practical limits on the size of the DNSKEY RRset and the
above rules. However, be aware that there is no way to tell
resolvers what a particular DNSKEY is supposed to be used for -- any
DNSKEY in the zone's signed DNSKEY RRset may be used to authenticate
any RRset in the zone. For example, if a weaker or less trusted
DNSKEY is being used to authenticate NSEC RRsets or all dynamically
updated records, that same DNSKEY can also be used to sign any other
RRsets from the zone.
Furthermore, note that the SEP bit setting has no effect on how a
DNSKEY may be used -- the validation process is specifically
prohibited from using that bit by Section 2.1.2 of [RFC4034]. It is
Weiler & Blacka Standards Track [Page 12]RFC 6840 DNSSEC Implementation Notes February 2013
possible to use a DNSKEY without the SEP bit set as the sole secure
entry point to the zone, yet use a DNSKEY with the SEP bit set to
sign all RRsets in the zone (other than the DNSKEY RRset). It is
also possible to use a single DNSKEY, with or without the SEP bit
set, to sign the entire zone, including the DNSKEY RRset itself.
6.3. Errors in Examples
The text in Appendix C.1 of [RFC4035] refers to the examples in
Appendix B.1 as "x.w.example.com" while B.1 uses "x.w.example". This
is painfully obvious in the second paragraph where it states that the
RRSIG labels field value of 3 indicates that the answer was not the
result of wildcard expansion. This is true for "x.w.example" but not
for "x.w.example.com", which of course has a label count of 4
(antithetically, a label count of 3 would imply the answer was the
result of a wildcard expansion).
The first paragraph of Appendix C.6 of [RFC4035] also has a minor
error: the reference to "a.z.w.w.example" should instead be
"a.z.w.example", as in the previous line.
6.4. Errors in RFC 5155
An NSEC3 record that matches an Empty Non-Terminal effectively has no
type associated with it. This NSEC3 record has an empty type bit
map. Section 3.2.1 of [RFC5155] contains the statement:
Blocks with no types present MUST NOT be included.
However, the same section contains a regular expression:
Type Bit Maps Field = ( Window Block # | Bitmap Length | Bitmap )+
The plus sign in the regular expression indicates that there is one
or more of the preceding element. This means that there must be at
least one window block. If this window block has no types, it
contradicts with the first statement. Therefore, the correct text in
Section 3.2.1 of [RFC5155] should be:
Type Bit Maps Field = ( Window Block # | Bitmap Length | Bitmap )*
7. Security Considerations
This document adds SHA-2 and NSEC3 support to the core DNSSEC
protocol. Security considerations for those features are discussed
in the documents defining them. Additionally, this document
addresses some ambiguities and omissions in the core DNSSEC documents
that, if not recognized and addressed in implementations, could lead
Weiler & Blacka Standards Track [Page 13]RFC 6840 DNSSEC Implementation Notes February 2013
to security failures. In particular, the validation algorithm
clarifications in Section 4 are critical for preserving the security
properties DNSSEC offers. Furthermore, failure to address some of
the interoperability concerns in Section 5 could limit the ability to
later change or expand DNSSEC, including adding new algorithms.
The recommendation in Section 5.9 to always set the CD bit has
security implications. By setting the CD bit, a resolver will not
benefit from more stringent validation rules or a more complete set
of trust anchors at an upstream validator.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3225] Conrad, D., "Indicating Resolver Support of DNSSEC",
RFC 3225, December 2001.
[RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
RFC 4033, March 2005.
[RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
RFC 4034, March 2005.
[RFC4035] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
Extensions", RFC 4035, March 2005.
[RFC4509] Hardaker, W., "Use of SHA-256 in DNSSEC Delegation Signer
(DS) Resource Records (RRs)", RFC 4509, May 2006.
[RFC5155] Laurie, B., Sisson, G., Arends, R., and D. Blacka, "DNS
Security (DNSSEC) Hashed Authenticated Denial of
Existence", RFC 5155, March 2008.
[RFC5702] Jansen, J., "Use of SHA-2 Algorithms with RSA in DNSKEY
and RRSIG Resource Records for DNSSEC", RFC 5702,
October 2009.
Weiler & Blacka Standards Track [Page 14]RFC 6840 DNSSEC Implementation Notes February 2013
8.2. Informative References
[Huston] Michaelson, G., Wallstrom, P., Arends, R., and G. Huston,
"Rolling Over DNSSEC Keys", Internet Protocol
Journal, Vol. 13, No.1, pp. 2-16, March 2010.
[RFC2308] Andrews, M., "Negative Caching of DNS Queries (DNS
NCACHE)", RFC 2308, March 1998.
[RFC3755] Weiler, S., "Legacy Resolver Compatibility for Delegation
Signer (DS)", RFC 3755, May 2004.
[RFC4955] Blacka, D., "DNS Security (DNSSEC) Experiments", RFC 4955,
July 2007.
[RFC5011] StJohns, M., "Automated Updates of DNS Security (DNSSEC)
Trust Anchors", STD 74, RFC 5011, September 2007.
[RFC5074] Weiler, S., "DNSSEC Lookaside Validation (DLV)", RFC 5074,
November 2007.
[RFC6781] Kolkman, O., Mekking, W., and R. Gieben, "DNSSEC
Operational Practices, Version 2", RFC 6781,
December 2012.
Weiler & Blacka Standards Track [Page 15]RFC 6840 DNSSEC Implementation Notes February 2013
Appendix A. Acknowledgments
The editors would like the thank Rob Austein for his previous work as
an editor of this document.
The editors are extremely grateful to those who, in addition to
finding errors and omissions in the DNSSEC document set, have
provided text suitable for inclusion in this document.
The lack of specificity about handling private algorithms, as
described in Section 5.3, and the lack of specificity in handling ANY
queries, as described in Section 4.2, were discovered by David
Blacka.
The error in algorithm 1 key tag calculation, as described in
Section 5.5, was found by Abhijit Hayatnagarkar. Donald Eastlake
contributed text for Section 5.5.
The bug relating to delegation NSEC RR's in Section 4.1 was found by
Roy Badami. Roy Arends found the related problem with DNAME.
The errors in the [RFC4035] examples were found by Roy Arends, who
also contributed text for Section 6.3 of this document.
Text on the mandatory algorithm rules was derived from suggestions by
Matthijs Mekking and Ed Lewis.
The CD bit logic was analyzed in depth by David Blacka, Olafur
Gudmundsson, Mike St. Johns, and Andrew Sullivan.
The editors would like to thank Alfred Hoenes, Ed Lewis, Danny Mayer,
Olafur Gudmundsson, Suzanne Woolf, Rickard Bellgrim, Mike St. Johns,
Mark Andrews, Wouter Wijngaards, Matthijs Mekking, Andrew Sullivan,
Jeremy Reed, Paul Hoffman, Mohan Parthasarathy, Florian Weimer,
Warren Kumari and Scott Rose for their contributions to this
document.
Appendix B. Discussion of Setting the CD Bit
[RFC4035] may be read as relying on the implicit assumption that
there is at most one validating system between the stub resolver and
the authoritative server for a given zone. It is entirely possible,
however, for more than one validator to exist between a stub resolver
and an authoritative server. If these different validators have
disjoint trust anchors configured, then it is possible that each
would be able to validate some portion of the DNS tree, but neither
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is able to validate all of it. Accordingly, it might be argued that
it is desirable not to set the CD bit on upstream queries, because
that allows for maximal validation.
In Section 5.9 of this document, it is recommended to set the CD bit
on an upstream query even when the incoming query arrives with CD=0.
This is for two reasons: it encourages a more predictable validation
experience as only one validator is always doing the validation, and
it ensures that all DNSSEC data that exists may be available from the
local cache should a query with CD=1 arrive.
As a matter of policy, it is possible to set the CD bit differently
than suggested in Section 5.9. A different choice will, of course,
not always yield the benefits listed above. It is beyond the scope
of this document to outline all of the considerations and counter
considerations for all possible policies. Nevertheless, it is
possible to describe three approaches and their underlying philosophy
of operation. These are laid out in the tables below.
The table that describes each model has five columns. The first
column indicates the value of the CD bit that the resolver receives
(for instance, on the name server side in an iterative resolver, or
as local policy or from the API in the case of a stub). The second
column indicates whether the query needs to be forwarded for
resolution (F) or can be satisfied from a local cache (C). The third
column is a line number, so that it can be referred to later in the
table. The fourth column indicates any relevant conditions at the
resolver, for example, whether the resolver has a covering trust
anchor, and so on. If there are no parameters here, the column is
empty. The fifth and final column indicates what action the resolver
takes.
The tables differentiate between "cached data" and "cached RCODE=2".
This is a shorthand; the point is that one has to treat RCODE=2
(server failure) as special, because it might indicate a validation
failure somewhere upstream. The distinction is really between
"cached RCODE=2" and "cached everything else".
The tables are probably easiest to think of in terms of describing
what happens when a stub resolver sends a query to an intermediate
resolver, but they are perfectly general and can be applied to any
validating resolver.
Model 1: "always set"
This model is so named because the validating resolver sets the CD
bit on queries it makes regardless of whether it has a covering trust
anchor for the query. The general philosophy represented by this
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table is that only one resolver should be responsible for validation
irrespective of the possibility that an upstream resolver may be
present with trust anchors that cover different or additional QNAMEs.
It is the model recommended in Section 5.9 of this document.
CD F/C line conditions action
====================================================================
1 F A1 Set CD=1 on upstream query
0 F A2 Set CD=1 on upstream query
1 C A3 Return the cache contents
(data or RCODE=2)
0 C A4 no covering TA Return cache contents
(data or RCODE=2)
0 C A5 covering TA Validate cached result and
return it
Model 2: "never set when receiving CD=0"
This model is so named because it sets CD=0 on upstream queries for
all received CD=0 queries, even if it has a covering trust anchor.
The general philosophy represented by this table is that more than
one resolver may take responsibility for validating a QNAME and that
a validation failure for a QNAME by any resolver in the chain is a
validation failure for the query. Using this model is NOT
RECOMMENDED.
CD F/C line conditions action
====================================================================
1 F N1 Set CD=1 on upstream query
0 F N2 Set CD=0 on upstream query
1 C N3 cached data Return cached data
1 C N4 cached RCODE=2 Treat as line N1
0 C N5 no covering TA Return cache contents
(data or RCODE=2)
0 C N6 covering TA & Treat as line N2
cached data was
generated with CD=1
0 C N7 covering TA & Validate and return
cached data was
generated with CD=0
Model 3: "sometimes set"
This model is so named because it sets the CD bit on upstream queries
triggered by received CD=0 queries, based on whether the validator
has a trust anchor configured that covers the query. If there is no
covering trust anchor, the resolver clears the CD bit in the upstream
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query. If there is a covering trust anchor, the resolver sets CD=1
and performs validation itself. The general philosophy represented
by this table is that a resolver should try and validate QNAMEs for
which it has trust anchors and should not preclude validation by
other resolvers for QNAMEs for which it does not have covering trust
anchors. Using this model is NOT RECOMMENDED.
CD F/C line conditions action
====================================================================
1 F S1 Set CD=1 on upstream query
0 F S2 covering TA Set CD=1 on upstream query
0 F S3 no covering TA Set CD=0 on upstream query
1 C S4 cached data Return cached data
1 C S5 cached RCODE=2 Treat as line S1
0 C S6 cached data was Return cache contents
generated with
CD=0
0 C S7 cached data was Validate & return cache
generated with contents
CD=1 &
covering TA
0 C S8 cached RCODE=2 Return cache contents
0 C S9 cached data Treat as line S3
was generated
with CD=1 &
no covering
TA
Appendix C. Discussion of Trust Anchor Preference Options
This section presents several different policies for validating
resolvers to use when they have a choice of trust anchors available
for validating a given answer.
C.1. Closest Encloser
One policy is to choose the trust anchor closest to the QNAME of the
response. For example, consider a validator configured with trust
anchors for "example." and "zone.example." When asked to validate a
response for "www.sub.zone.example.", a validator using the "Closest
Encloser" policy would choose the "zone.example." trust anchor.
This policy has the advantage of allowing the operator to trivially
override a parent zone's trust anchor with one that the operator can
validate in a stronger way, perhaps because the resolver operator is
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affiliated with the zone in question. This policy also minimizes the
number of public key operations needed, which is of benefit in
resource-constrained environments.
This policy has the disadvantage of giving the user some unexpected
and unnecessary validation failures when sub-zone trust anchors are
neglected. As a concrete example, consider a validator that
configured a trust anchor for "zone.example." in 2009 and one for
"example." in 2011. In 2012, "zone.example." rolls its Key Signing
Key (KSK) and updates its DS records, but the validator operator
doesn't update its trust anchor. With the "Closest Encloser" policy,
the validator gets validation failures.
C.2. Accept Any Success
Another policy is to try all applicable trust anchors until one gives
a validation result of Secure, in which case the final validation
result is Secure. If and only if all applicable trust anchors give a
result of Insecure, the final validation result is Insecure. If one
or more trust anchors lead to a Bogus result and there is no Secure
result, then the final validation result is Bogus.
This has the advantage of causing the fewest validation failures,
which may deliver a better user experience. If one trust anchor is
out of date (as in our above example), the user may still be able to
get a Secure validation result (and see DNS responses).
This policy has the disadvantage of making the validator subject to
the compromise of the weakest of these trust anchors, while making it
relatively painless to keep old trust anchors configured in
perpetuity.
C.3. Preference Based on Source
When the trust anchors have come from different sources (e.g.,
automated updates ([RFC5011]), one or more DNSSEC Lookaside
Validation (DLV) registries ([RFC5074]), and manual configuration), a
validator may wish to choose between them based on the perceived
reliability of those sources. The order of precedence might be
exposed as a configuration option.
For example, a validator might choose to prefer trust anchors found
in a DLV registry over those manually configured on the theory that
the manually configured ones will not be as aggressively maintained.
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Conversely, a validator might choose to prefer manually configured
trust anchors over those obtained from a DLV registry on the theory
that the manually configured ones have been more carefully
authenticated.
Or the validator might do something more complex: prefer a sub-set of
manually configured trust anchors (based on a configuration option),
then trust anchors that have been updated using the mechanism in
[RFC5011], then trust anchors from one DLV registry, then trust
anchors from a different DLV registry, then the rest of the manually
configured trust anchors.
Authors' Addresses
Samuel Weiler (editor)
SPARTA, Inc.
7110 Samuel Morse Drive
Columbia, MD 21046
US
EMail: weiler@tislabs.com
David Blacka (editor)
Verisign, Inc.
12061 Bluemont Way
Reston, VA 20190
US
EMail: davidb@verisign.com
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