Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Sivakumar
Request for Comments: 8158 R. Penno
Category: Standards Track Cisco Systems
ISSN: 2070-1721 December 2017
IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Information Elements
for Logging NAT Events
Abstract
Network operators require NAT devices to log events like creation and
deletion of translations and information about the resources that the
NAT device is managing. In many cases, the logs are essential to
identify an attacker or a host that was used to launch malicious
attacks and for various other purposes of accounting. Since there is
no standard way of logging this information, different NAT devices
use proprietary formats; hence, it is difficult to expect consistent
behavior. This lack of standardization makes it difficult to write
the Collector applications that would receive this data and process
it to present useful information. This document describes the
formats for logging NAT events.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8158.
Sivakumar & Penno Standards Track [Page 1]RFC 8158 IPFIX IEs for NAT Logging December 2017
Copyright Notice
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document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Event-Based Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. Logging Destination Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Information Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3. Definition of NAT Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4. Quota Exceeded Event Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.5. Threshold Reached Event Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.6. Templates for NAT Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.6.1. NAT44 Session Create and Delete Events . . . . . . . 14
4.6.2. NAT64 Session Create and Delete Events . . . . . . . 15
4.6.3. NAT44 BIB Create and Delete Events . . . . . . . . . 16
4.6.4. NAT64 BIB Create and Delete Events . . . . . . . . . 16
4.6.5. Addresses Exhausted Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.6.6. Ports Exhausted Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.6.7. Quota Exceeded Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.6.7.1. Maximum Session Entries Exceeded . . . . . . . . 18
4.6.7.2. Maximum BIB Entries Exceeded . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.6.7.3. Maximum Entries per User Exceeded . . . . . . . . 19
4.6.7.4. Maximum Active Hosts or Subscribers Exceeded . . 19
4.6.7.5. Maximum Fragments Pending Reassembly Exceeded . . 19
4.6.8. Threshold Reached Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.6.8.1. Address Pool High or Low Threshold Reached . . . 20
4.6.8.2. Address and Port Mapping High Threshold Reached . 21
4.6.8.3. Address and Port Mapping per User High Threshold
Reached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.6.8.4. Global Address Mapping High Threshold Reached . . 22
4.6.9. Address Binding Create and Delete Events . . . . . . 22
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4.6.10. Port Block Allocation and De-allocation . . . . . . . 22
5. Management Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.1. Ability to Collect Events from Multiple NAT Devices . . . 23
5.2. Ability to Suppress Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1. Information Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1.1. natInstanceID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1.2. internalAddressRealm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1.3. externalAddressRealm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.1.4. natQuotaExceededEvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.1.5. natThresholdEvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.1.6. natEvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1.7. maxSessionEntries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1.8. maxBIBEntries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1.9. maxEntriesPerUser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1.10. maxSubscribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1.11. maxFragmentsPendingReassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.1.12. addressPoolHighThreshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.1.13. addressPoolLowThreshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.1.14. addressPortMappingHighThreshold . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.1.15. addressPortMappingLowThreshold . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.1.16. addressPortMappingPerUserHighThreshold . . . . . . . 30
6.1.17. globalAddressMappingHighThreshold . . . . . . . . . . 31
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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1. Introduction
The IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Protocol [RFC7011] defines a
generic push mechanism for exporting information and events. The
IPFIX Information Model [IPFIX-IANA] defines a set of standard
Information Elements (IEs) that can be carried by the IPFIX protocol.
This document details the IPFIX IEs that MUST be logged by a NAT
device that supports NAT logging using IPFIX and all the optional
fields. The fields specified in this document are gleaned from
[RFC4787] and [RFC5382].
This document and [NAT-LOG] are written in order to standardize the
events and parameters to be recorded using IPFIX [RFC7011] and SYSLOG
[RFC5424], respectively. This document uses IPFIX as the encoding
mechanism to describe the logging of NAT events. However, the
information that is logged should be the same irrespective of what
kind of encoding scheme is used. IPFIX is chosen because it is an
IETF standard that meets all the needs for a reliable logging
mechanism. IPFIX provides the flexibility to the logging device to
define the datasets that it is logging. The IEs specified for
logging must be the same irrespective of the encoding mechanism used.
1.1. Terminology
The term "NAT device" in this document refers to any NAT44 or NAT64
device. The term "Collector" refers to any device that receives
binary data from a NAT device and converts it into meaningful
information. This document uses the term "session" as defined in
[RFC2663], and the term "Binding Information Base" (BIB) as defined
in [RFC6146]. The term "Information Element" or "IE" is defined in
[RFC7011]. The term "Carrier-Grade NAT" refers to a large-scale NAT
device as described in [RFC6888]
The IPFIX IEs that are NAT specific are created with NAT terminology.
In order to avoid creating duplicates, IEs are reused if they convey
the same meaning. This document uses the term "timestamp" for the
IE, which defines the time when an event is logged; this is the same
as the IPFIX term "observationTimeMilliseconds" as described in
[IPFIX-IANA]. Since observationTimeMilliseconds is not self-
explanatory for NAT implementors, the term "timeStamp" is used.
Event templates, which refer to IPFIX Template Records, as well as
log events, which refer to IPFIX Flow Records, are also used in this
document.
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1.2. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. Scope
This document provides the information model to be used for logging
the NAT events, including Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) events. [RFC7011]
provides guidance on the choices of the transport protocols used for
IPFIX and their effects. This document does not provide guidance on
transport protocols like TCP, UDP, or Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP), which are to be used to log NAT events. The logs
SHOULD be reliably sent to the Collector to ensure that the log
events are not lost. The choice of the actual transport protocol is
beyond the scope of this document.
This document uses the allocated IPFIX IEs in the IANA "IPFIX
Information Elements" registry [IPFIX-IANA] and registers some new
ones.
This document assumes that the NAT device will use the existing IPFIX
framework to send the log events to the Collector. This would mean
that the NAT device will specify the template that it is going to use
for each of the events. The templates can be of varying length, and
there could be multiple templates that a NAT device could use to log
the events.
The implementation details of the Collector application are beyond
the scope of this document.
The optimization of logging the NAT events is left to the
implementation and is beyond the scope of this document.
3. Deployment
NAT logging based on IPFIX uses binary encoding; hence, it is very
efficient. IPFIX-based logging is recommended for environments where
a high volume of logging is required, for example, where per-flow
logging is needed or in case of Carrier-Grade NAT. However, IPFIX-
based logging requires a Collector that processes the binary data and
requires a network management application that converts this binary
data to a human-readable format.
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A Collector may receive NAT events from multiple CGN devices. The
Collector distinguishes between the devices using the source IP
address, source port, and Observation Domain ID in the IPFIX header.
The Collector can decide to store the information based on the
administrative policies that are in line with the operator and the
local jurisdiction. The retention policy is not dictated by the
Exporter and is left to the policies that are defined at the
Collector.
A Collector may have scale issues if it is overloaded by a large
number of simultaneous events. An appropriate throttling mechanism
may be used to handle the oversubscription.
The logs that are exported can be used for a variety of reasons. An
example use case is to do accounting based on when the users logged
on and off. The translation will be installed when the user logs on
and removed when the user logs off. These events create log records.
Another use case is to identify an attacker or a host in a provider
network. The network administrators can use these logs to identify
the usage patterns, the need for additional IP addresses, and etc.
The deployment of NAT logging is not limited to just these cases.
4. Event-Based Logging
An event in a NAT device can be viewed as a state transition because
it relates to the management of NAT resources. The creation and
deletion of NAT sessions and bindings are examples of events, as they
result in resources (addresses and ports) being allocated or freed.
The events can happen through the processing of data packets flowing
through the NAT device, through an external entity installing
policies on the NAT router, or as a result of an asynchronous event
like a timer. The list of events is provided in Table 2. Each of
these events SHOULD be logged, unless this is administratively
prohibited. A NAT device MAY log these events to multiple Collectors
if redundancy is required. The network administrator will specify
the Collectors to which the log records are to be sent. It is
necessary to preserve the list of Collectors and its associated
information like the IPv4/IPv6 address, port, and protocol across
reboots so that the configuration information is not lost when the
device is restarted. The NAT device implementing the IPFIX logging
MUST follow the IPFIX specification in [RFC7011].
4.1. Logging Destination Information
Logging destination information in a NAT event is discussed in
[RFC6302] and [RFC6888]. Logging destination information increases
the size of each record and increases the need for storage
considerably. It increases the number of log events generated
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because when the same user connects to a different destination, it
results in a log record per destination address. Logging the source
and destination addresses results in loss of privacy. Logging of
destination addresses and ports, pre- or post-NAT, SHOULD NOT be done
[RFC6888]. However, this document provides the necessary fields to
log the destination information in cases where they must be logged.
4.2. Information Elements
The templates could contain a subset of the IEs shown in Table 1,
depending upon the event being logged. For example, a NAT44 session
creation template record will contain:
{sourceIPv4Address, postNATSourceIPv4Address, destinationIPv4Address,
postNATDestinationIPv4Address, sourceTransportPort,
postNAPTSourceTransportPort, destinationTransportPort,
postNAPTDestinationTransportPort, internalAddressRealm, natEvent,
timeStamp}
An example of the actual event data record is shown below in a human-
readable form:
{192.0.2.1, 203.0.113.100, 192.0.2.104, 192.0.2.104, 14800, 1024, 80,
80, 0, 1, 09:20:10:789}
A single NAT device could be exporting multiple templates, and the
Collector MUST support receiving multiple templates from the same
source.
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The following table includes all the IEs that a NAT device would need
to export the events. The formats of the IEs and the IPFIX IDs are
listed. Detailed descriptions of the fields natInstanceID,
internalAddressRealm, externalAddressRealm, natQuotaExceededEvent,
and natThresholdEvent are included in the IANA Considerations
section.
+-----------------------------------+--------+-------+--------------+
| Field Name | Size | IANA | Description |
| | (bits) | IPFIX | |
| | | ID | |
+-----------------------------------+--------+-------+--------------+
| timeStamp | 64 | 323 | System Time |
| | | | when the |
| | | | event |
| | | | occurred |
| | | | |
| natInstanceID | 32 | 463 | NAT Instance |
| | | | Identifier |
| | | | |
| vlanId | 16 | 58 | VLAN ID in |
| | | | case of |
| | | | overlapping |
| | | | networks |
| | | | |
| ingressVRFID | 32 | 234 | VRF ID in |
| | | | case of |
| | | | overlapping |
| | | | networks |
| | | | |
| sourceIPv4Address | 32 | 8 | Source IPv4 |
| | | | Address |
| | | | |
| postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | 225 | Translated |
| | | | Source IPv4 |
| | | | Address |
| | | | |
| protocolIdentifier | 8 | 4 | Transport |
| | | | protocol |
| | | | |
| sourceTransportPort | 16 | 7 | Source Port |
| | | | |
| postNAPTSourceTransportPort | 16 | 227 | Translated |
| | | | Source port |
| | | | |
| destinationIPv4Address | 32 | 12 | Destination |
| | | | IPv4 Address |
| | | | |
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| postNATDestinationIPv4Address | 32 | 226 | Translated |
| | | | IPv4 |
| | | | destination |
| | | | address |
| | | | |
| destinationTransportPort | 16 | 11 | Destination |
| | | | port |
| | | | |
| postNAPTDestinationTransportPort | 16 | 228 | Translated |
| | | | Destination |
| | | | port |
| | | | |
| sourceIPv6Address | 128 | 27 | Source IPv6 |
| | | | address |
| | | | |
| destinationIPv6Address | 128 | 28 | Destination |
| | | | IPv6 address |
| | | | |
| postNATSourceIPv6Address | 128 | 281 | Translated |
| | | | source IPv6 |
| | | | address |
| | | | |
| postNATDestinationIPv6Address | 128 | 282 | Translated |
| | | | Destination |
| | | | IPv6 address |
| | | | |
| internalAddressRealm | (*) | 464 | Source |
| | | | Address |
| | | | Realm |
| | | | |
| externalAddressRealm | (*) | 465 | Destination |
| | | | Address |
| | | | Realm |
| | | | |
| natEvent | 8 | 230 | Type of |
| | | | Event |
| | | | |
| portRangeStart | 16 | 361 | Allocated |
| | | | port block |
| | | | start |
| | | | |
| portRangeEnd | 16 | 362 | Allocated |
| | | | Port block |
| | | | end |
| | | | |
| natPoolId | 32 | 283 | NAT pool |
| | | | Identifier |
| | | | |
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| natQuotaExceededEvent | 32 | 466 | Limit event |
| | | | identifier |
| | | | |
| natThresholdEvent | 32 | 467 | Threshold |
| | | | event |
| | | | identifier |
| | | | |
| maxSessionEntries | 32 | 471 | Maximum |
| | | | session |
| | | | entries |
| | | | |
| maxBIBEntries | 32 | 472 | Maximum bind |
| | | | entries |
| | | | |
| maxEntriesPerUser | 32 | 473 | Maximum |
| | | | entries per- |
| | | | user |
| | | | |
| maxSubscribers | 32 | 474 | Maximum |
| | | | subscribers |
| | | | |
| maxFragmentsPendingReassembly | 32 | 475 | Maximum |
| | | | fragments |
| | | | for |
| | | | ressembly |
| | | | |
| addressPoolHighThreshold | 32 | 476 | High |
| | | | threshold |
| | | | for address |
| | | | pool |
| | | | |
| addressPoolLowThreshold | 32 | 477 | Low |
| | | | threshold |
| | | | for address |
| | | | pool |
| | | | |
| addressPortMappingHighThreshold | 32 | 478 | High |
| | | | threshold |
| | | | for |
| | | | address/port |
| | | | mapping |
| | | | |
| addressPortMappingLowThreshold | 32 | 479 | Low |
| | | | threshold |
| | | | for |
| | | | address/port |
| | | | mapping |
| | | | |
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| addressPortMappingPerUserHighThre | 32 | 480 | High |
| shold | | | threshold |
| | | | for per-user |
| | | | address/port |
| | | | mapping |
| | | | |
| globalAddressMappingHighThreshold | 32 | 481 | High |
| | | | threshold |
| | | | for global |
| | | | address |
| | | | mapping |
+-----------------------------------+--------+-------+--------------+
Note: (*) indicates octetArray
Table 1: NAT IE List
4.3. Definition of NAT Events
The following is the complete list of NAT events and the proposed
event type values. The natEvent IE is defined in the "IPFIX
Information Elements" registry [IPFIX-IANA];. The list can be
expanded in the future as necessary. The data record will have the
corresponding natEvent value to indicate the event that is being
logged.
Note that the first two events are marked "Historic" and are listed
here for the sole purpose of completeness. Any compliant
implementation SHOULD NOT use the events that are marked "Historic".
These values were defined prior to the existence of this document and
outside the IETF. These events are not standalone and require more
information to be conveyed to qualify the event. For example, the
NAT translation create event does not specify if it is NAT44 or
NAT64. As a result, the Behave working group decided to have an
explicit definition for each one of the unique events.
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+-------+------------------------------------+
| Value | Event Name |
+-------+------------------------------------+
| 0 | Reserved |
| 1 | NAT translation create (Historic) |
| 2 | NAT translation delete (Historic) |
| 3 | NAT Addresses exhausted |
| 4 | NAT44 session create |
| 5 | NAT44 session delete |
| 6 | NAT64 session create |
| 7 | NAT64 session delete |
| 8 | NAT44 BIB create |
| 9 | NAT44 BIB delete |
| 10 | NAT64 BIB create |
| 11 | NAT64 BIB delete |
| 12 | NAT ports exhausted |
| 13 | Quota Exceeded |
| 14 | Address binding create |
| 15 | Address binding delete |
| 16 | Port block allocation |
| 17 | Port block de-allocation |
| 18 | Threshold Reached |
+-------+------------------------------------+
Table 2: NAT Event ID
4.4. Quota Exceeded Event Types
The Quota Exceeded event is a natEvent IE described in Table 2. The
Quota Exceeded events are generated when the hard limits set by the
administrator have been reached or exceeded. The following table
shows the sub-event types for the Quota Exceeded event. The events
that can be reported are the maximum session entries limit reached,
maximum BIB entries limit reached, maximum (session/BIB) entries per
user limit reached, maximum active hosts or subscribers limit
reached, and maximum Fragments pending reassembly limit reached.
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+-------+---------------------------------------+
| Value | Quota Exceeded Event Name |
+-------+---------------------------------------+
| 0 | Reserved |
| 1 | Maximum session entries |
| 2 | Maximum BIB entries |
| 3 | Maximum entries per user |
| 4 | Maximum active hosts or subscribers |
| 5 | Maximum fragments pending reassembly |
+-------+---------------------------------------+
Table 3: Quota Exceeded Event
4.5. Threshold Reached Event Types
The following table shows the sub-event types for the Threshold
Reached event. The administrator can configure the thresholds, and
whenever the threshold is reached or exceeded, the corresponding
events are generated. The main difference between the Quota Exceeded
and Threshold Reached events is that, once the Quota Exceeded events
are hit, the packets are dropped or mappings will not be created,
whereas the Threshold Reached events will provide the operator a
chance to take action before the traffic disruptions can happen. A
NAT device can choose to implement one or the other, or both.
The address pool high threshold event will be reported when the
address pool reaches a high-water mark as defined by the operator.
This will serve as an indication that either the operator might have
to add more addresses to the pool or the subsequent users may be
denied NAT translation mappings.
The address pool low threshold event will be reported when the
address pool reaches a low-water mark as defined by the operator.
This will serve as an indication that the operator can reclaim some
of the global IPv4 addresses in the pool.
The address and port mapping high threshold event is generated when
the number of ports in the configured address pool has reached a
configured threshold.
The per-user address and port mapping high threshold is generated
when a single user utilizes more address and port mapping than a
configured threshold. We don't track the low threshold for per-user
address and port mappings because, as the ports are freed, the
address will become available. The address pool low threshold event
will then be triggered so that the global IPv4 address can be
reclaimed.
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The global address mapping high threshold event is generated when the
maximum number of mappings per user is reached for a NAT device doing
paired-address pooling.
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Value | Threshold Exceeded Event Name |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | Reserved |
| 1 | Address pool high threshold event |
| 2 | Address pool low threshold event |
| 3 | Address and port mapping high threshold event |
| 4 | Address and port mapping per user high threshold event |
| 5 | Global address mapping high threshold event |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
Table 4: Threshold Event
4.6. Templates for NAT Events
The following is the template of events that will be logged. The
events below are identified at the time of this writing, but the set
of events is extensible. A NAT device that implements a given NAT
event MUST support the mandatory IEs in the templates. Depending on
the implementation and configuration, various IEs that are not
mandatory can be included or ignored.
4.6.1. NAT44 Session Create and Delete Events
These events will be generated when a NAT44 session is created or
deleted. The template will be the same; the natEvent will indicate
whether it is a create or a delete event. The following is a
template of the event.
The destination address and port information is optional as required
by [RFC6888]. However, when the destination information is
suppressed, the session log event contains the same information as
the BIB event. In such cases, the NAT device SHOULD NOT send both
BIB and session events.
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+----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes |
| postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes |
| protocolIdentifier | 8 | Yes |
| sourceTransportPort | 16 | Yes |
| postNAPTSourceTransportPort | 16 | Yes |
| destinationIPv4Address | 32 | No |
| postNATDestinationIPv4Address | 32 | No |
| destinationTransportPort | 16 | No |
| postNAPTDestinationTransportPort | 16 | No |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
| vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No |
| internalAddressRealm | octetArray | No |
| externalAddressRealm | octetArray | No |
+----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 5: NAT44 Session Delete/Create Template
4.6.2. NAT64 Session Create and Delete Events
These events will be generated when a NAT64 session is created or
deleted. The following is a template of the event.
+----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes |
| postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes |
| protocolIdentifier | 8 | Yes |
| sourceTransportPort | 16 | Yes |
| postNAPTSourceTransportPort | 16 | Yes |
| destinationIPv6Address | 128 | No |
| postNATDestinationIPv4Address | 32 | No |
| destinationTransportPort | 16 | No |
| postNAPTDestinationTransportPort | 16 | No |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
| vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No |
| internalAddressRealm | octetArray | No |
| externalAddressRealm | octetArray | No |
+----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 6: NAT64 Session Create/Delete Event Template
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4.6.3. NAT44 BIB Create and Delete Events
These events will be generated when a NAT44 Bind entry is created or
deleted. The following is a template of the event.
+-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes |
| postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes |
| protocolIdentifier | 8 | No |
| sourceTransportPort | 16 | No |
| postNAPTSourceTransportPort | 16 | No |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
| vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No |
| internalAddressRealm | octetArray | No |
| externalAddressRealm | octetArray | No |
+-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 7: NAT44 BIB Create/Delete Event Template
4.6.4. NAT64 BIB Create and Delete Events
These events will be generated when a NAT64 Bind entry is created or
deleted. The following is a template of the event.
+-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes |
| postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes |
| protocolIdentifier | 8 | No |
| sourceTransportPort | 16 | No |
| postNAPTSourceTransportPort | 16 | No |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
| vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No |
| internalAddressRealm | octetArray | No |
| externalAddressRealm | octetArray | No |
+-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 8: NAT64 BIB Create/Delete Event Template
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4.6.5. Addresses Exhausted Event
This event will be generated when a NAT device runs out of global
IPv4 addresses in a given pool of addresses. Typically, this event
would mean that the NAT device won't be able to create any new
translations until some addresses/ports are freed. This event SHOULD
be rate-limited, as many packets hitting the device at the same time
will trigger a burst of addresses exhausted events.
The following is a template of the event.
+---------------+-------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+---------------+-------------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| natPoolID | 32 | Yes |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
+---------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 9: Addresses Exhausted Event Template
4.6.6. Ports Exhausted Event
This event will be generated when a NAT device runs out of ports for
a global IPv4 address. Port exhaustion shall be reported per
protocol (UDP, TCP, etc.). This event SHOULD be rate-limited, as
many packets hitting the device at the same time will trigger a burst
of port exhausted events.
The following is a template of the event.
+--------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+--------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes |
| protocolIdentifier | 8 | Yes |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
+--------------------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 10: Ports Exhausted Event Template
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4.6.7. Quota Exceeded Events
This event will be generated when a NAT device cannot allocate
resources as a result of an administratively defined policy. The
Quota Exceeded event templates are described below.
4.6.7.1. Maximum Session Entries Exceeded
The maximum session entries exceeded event is generated when the
administratively configured NAT session limit is reached. The
following is the template of the event.
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| natQuotaExceededEvent | 32 | Yes |
| maxSessionEntries | 32 | Yes |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 11: Session Entries Exceeded Event Template
4.6.7.2. Maximum BIB Entries Exceeded
The maximum BIB entries exceeded event is generated when the
administratively configured BIB entry limit is reached. The
following is the template of the event.
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| natQuotaExceededEvent | 32 | Yes |
| maxBIBEntries | 32 | Yes |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 12: BIB Entries Exceeded Event Template
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4.6.7.3. Maximum Entries per User Exceeded
This event is generated when a single user reaches the
administratively configured NAT translation limit. The following is
the template of the event.
+-----------------------+-------------+---------------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+-----------------------+-------------+---------------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| natQuotaExceededEvent | 32 | Yes |
| maxEntriesPerUser | 32 | Yes |
| sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes for NAT44 |
| sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes for NAT64 |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
| vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No |
+-----------------------+-------------+---------------+
Table 13: Per-User Entries Exceeded Event Template
4.6.7.4. Maximum Active Hosts or Subscribers Exceeded
This event is generated when the number of allowed hosts or
subscribers reaches the administratively configured limit. The
following is the template of the event.
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| natQuotaExceededEvent | 32 | Yes |
| maxSubscribers | 32 | Yes |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 14: Maximum Hosts/Subscribers Exceeded Event Template
4.6.7.5. Maximum Fragments Pending Reassembly Exceeded
This event is generated when the number of fragments pending
reassembly reaches the administratively configured limit. Note that
in the case of NAT64, when this condition is detected in the IPv6-to-
IPv4 direction, the IPv6 source address is mandatory in the template.
Similarly, when this condition is detected in IPv4-to-IPv6 direction,
the source IPv4 address is mandatory in the template below. The
following is the template of the event.
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+-------------------------------+-------------+----------------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+-------------------------------+-------------+----------------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| natQuotaExceededEvent | 32 | Yes |
| maxFragmentsPendingReassembly | 32 | Yes |
| sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes for NAT44 |
| sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes for NAT64 |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
| vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No |
| internalAddressRealm | octetArray | No |
+-------------------------------+-------------+----------------+
Table 15: Maximum Fragments Pending Reassembly Exceeded Event
Template
4.6.8. Threshold Reached Events
This event will be generated when a NAT device reaches an operator-
configured threshold when allocating resources. The Threshold
Reached events are described in the section above. The following is
a template of the individual events.
4.6.8.1. Address Pool High or Low Threshold Reached
This event is generated when the high or low threshold is reached for
the address pool. The template is the same for both high and low
threshold events
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size | Mandatory |
| | (bits) | |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| natThresholdEvent | 32 | Yes |
| natPoolID | 32 | Yes |
| addressPoolHighThreshold/ | 32 | Yes |
| addressPoolLowThreshold | | |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
Table 16: Address Pool High/Low Threshold Reached Event Template
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4.6.8.2. Address and Port Mapping High Threshold Reached
This event is generated when the high threshold is reached for the
address pool and ports.
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size | Mandatory |
| | (bits) | |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| natThresholdEvent | 32 | Yes |
| addressPortMappingHighThreshold/ | 32 | Yes |
| addressPortMappingLowThreshold | | |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
Table 17: Address Port High Threshold Reached Event Template
4.6.8.3. Address and Port Mapping per User High Threshold Reached
This event is generated when the high threshold is reached for the
per-user address pool and ports.
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size | Mandatory |
| | (bits) | |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| natThresholdEvent | 32 | Yes |
| addressPortMappingHighThreshold/ | 32 | Yes |
| addressPortMappingLowThreshold | | |
| sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes for |
| | | NAT44 |
| sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes for |
| | | NAT64 |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
| vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No |
+----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
Table 18: Address and Port Mapping per User High Threshold Reached
Event Template
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4.6.8.4. Global Address Mapping High Threshold Reached
This event is generated when the high threshold is reached for the
per-user address pool and ports. This is generated only by NAT
devices that use a paired-address-pooling behavior.
+-----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| natThresholdEvent | 32 | Yes |
| globalAddressMappingHighThreshold | 32 | Yes |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
| vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No |
+-----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
Table 19: Global Address Mapping High Threshold Reached Event
Template
4.6.9. Address Binding Create and Delete Events
These events will be generated when a NAT device binds a local
address with a global address and when the global address is freed.
A NAT device will generate the binding events when it receives the
first packet of the first flow from a host in the private realm.
+--------------------------+-------------+---------------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+--------------------------+-------------+---------------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes for NAT44 |
| sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes for NAT64 |
| postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
+--------------------------+-------------+---------------+
Table 20: NAT Address Binding Template
4.6.10. Port Block Allocation and De-allocation
This event will be generated when a NAT device allocates/de-allocates
ports in a bulk fashion, as opposed to allocating a port on a per-
flow basis.
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portRangeStart represents the starting value of the range.
portRangeEnd represents the ending value of the range.
NAT devices would do this in order to reduce logs and to potentially
limit the number of connections a subscriber is allowed to use. In
the following Port Block allocation template, the portRangeStart and
portRangeEnd MUST be specified.
It is up to the implementation to choose to consolidate log records
in case two consecutive port ranges for the same user are allocated
or freed.
+--------------------------+-------------+---------------+
| Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
+--------------------------+-------------+---------------+
| timeStamp | 64 | Yes |
| natEvent | 8 | Yes |
| sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes for NAT44 |
| sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes for NAT64 |
| postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes |
| portRangeStart | 16 | Yes |
| portRangeEnd | 16 | No |
| natInstanceID | 32 | No |
+--------------------------+-------------+---------------+
Table 21: NAT Port Block Allocation Event Template
5. Management Considerations
This section considers requirements for management of the log system
to support logging of the events described above. It first covers
requirements applicable to log management in general. Any additional
standardization required to fulfill these requirements is out of
scope of the present document. Some management considerations are
covered in [NAT-LOG]. This document covers the additional
considerations.
5.1. Ability to Collect Events from Multiple NAT Devices
An IPFIX Collector MUST be able to collect events from multiple NAT
devices and decipher events based on the Observation Domain ID in the
IPFIX header.
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5.2. Ability to Suppress Events
The exhaustion events can be overwhelming during traffic bursts;
hence, they SHOULD be handled by the NAT devices to rate-limit them
before sending them to the Collectors. For example, when the port
exhaustion happens during bursty conditions, instead of sending a
port exhaustion event for every packet, the exhaustion events SHOULD
be rate-limited by the NAT device.
6. IANA Considerations
6.1. Information Elements
IANA has registered the following IEs in the "IPFIX Information
Elements" registry at [IPFIX-IANA].
6.1.1. natInstanceID
ElementID: 463
Name: natInstanceID
Description: This Information Element uniquely identifies an Instance
of the NAT that runs on a NAT middlebox function after the packet
passes the Observation Point. natInstanceID is defined in [RFC7659].
Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC791] for the definition of the IPv4 source address
field. See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234] for
the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.2. internalAddressRealm
ElementID: 464
Name: internalAddressRealm
Description: This Information Element represents the internal address
realm where the packet is originated from or destined to. By
definition, a NAT mapping can be created from two address realms, one
from internal and one from external. Realms are implementation
dependent and can represent a Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF)
ID, a VLAN ID, or some unique identifier. Realms are optional and,
when left unspecified, would mean that the external and internal
realms are the same.
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Abstract Data Type: octetArray
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC791] for the definition of the IPv4 source address
field. See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234] for
the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.3. externalAddressRealm
ElementID: 465
Name: externalAddressRealm
Description: This Information Element represents the external address
realm where the packet is originated from or destined to. The
detailed definition is in the internal address realm as specified
above.
Abstract Data Type: octetArray
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC791] for the definition of the IPv4 source address
field. See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234] for
the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.4. natQuotaExceededEvent
ElementID: 466
Name: natQuotaExceededEvent
Description: This Information Element identifies the type of a NAT
Quota Exceeded event. Values for this Information Element are listed
in the "NAT Quota Exceeded Event Type" registry, see [IPFIX-IANA].
Initial values in the registry are defined by the table below. New
assignments of values will be administered by IANA and are subject to
Expert Review [RFC8126]. Experts need to check definitions of new
values for completeness, accuracy, and redundancy.
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+--------+---------------------------------------+
| Value | Quota Exceeded Event Name |
+--------+---------------------------------------+
| 0 | Reserved |
| 1 | Maximum session entries |
| 2 | Maximum BIB entries |
| 3 | Maximum entries per user |
| 4 | Maximum active hosts or subscribers |
| 5 | Maximum fragments pending reassembly |
+--------+---------------------------------------+
Note: This is the same as Table 3.
Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC791] for the definition of the IPv4 source address
field. See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234] for
the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.5. natThresholdEvent
ElementID: 467
Name: natThresholdEvent
Description: This Information Element identifies a type of a NAT
Threshold event. Values for this Information Element are listed in
the "NAT Threshold Event Type" registry, see [IPFIX-IANA]. Initial
values in the registry are defined by the table below. New
assignments of values will be administered by IANA and are subject to
Expert Review [RFC8126]. Experts need to check definitions of new
values for completeness, accuracy, and redundancy.
+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Value | Threshold Exceeded Event Name |
+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 | Reserved |
| 1 | Address pool high threshold event |
| 2 | Address pool low threshold event |
| 3 | Address and port mapping high threshold event |
| 4 | Address and port mapping per user high threshold event |
| 5 | Global address mapping high threshold event |
+--------+---------------------------------------------------------+
Note: This is the same as Table 4.
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Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC791] for the definition of the IPv4 source address
field. See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234] for
the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.6. natEvent
The original definition of this Information Element specified only
three values: 1, 2, and 3. This definition has been replaced by a
registry, to which new values can be added. The semantics of the
three originally defined values remain unchanged. IANA maintains the
"NAT Event Type (Value 230)" registry for values of this Information
Element at [IPFIX-IANA].
ElementID: 230
Name: natEvent
Description: This Information Element identifies a NAT event. This
IE identifies the type of a NAT event. Examples of NAT events
include, but are not limited to, NAT translation create, NAT
translation delete, Threshold Reached, or Threshold Exceeded, etc.
Values for this Information Element are listed in the "NAT Event
Type" registry, see [IPFIX-IANA]. The NAT event values in the
registry are defined by Table 2 in Section 4.3. New assignments of
values will be administered by IANA and are subject to Expert Review
[RFC8126]. Experts need to check definitions of new values for
completeness, accuracy, and redundancy.
Abstract Data Type: unsigned8
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes. See RFC 8158 for the definitions
of values 4-16.
6.1.7. maxSessionEntries
ElementID: 471
Name: maxSessionEntries
Description: This element represents the maximum session entries that
can be created by the NAT device.
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Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.8. maxBIBEntries
ElementID: 472
Name: maxBIBEntries
Description: This element represents the maximum BIB entries that can
be created by the NAT device.
Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.9. maxEntriesPerUser
ElementID: 473
Name: maxEntriesPerUser
Description: This element represents the maximum NAT entries that can
be created per user by the NAT device.
Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.10. maxSubscribers
ElementID: 474
Name: maxSubscribers
Description: This element represents the maximum subscribers or
maximum hosts that are allowed by the NAT device.
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Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.11. maxFragmentsPendingReassembly
ElementID: 475
Name: maxFragmentsPendingReassembly
Description: This element represents the maximum fragments that the
NAT device can store for reassembling the packet.
Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.12. addressPoolHighThreshold
ElementID: 476
Name: addressPoolHighThreshold
Description: This element represents the high threshold value of the
number of public IP addresses in the address pool.
Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.13. addressPoolLowThreshold
ElementID: 477
Name: addressPoolLowThreshold
Description: This element represents the low threshold value of the
number of public IP addresses in the address pool.
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Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.14. addressPortMappingHighThreshold
ElementID: 478
Name: addressPortMappingHighThreshold
Description: This element represents the high threshold value of the
number of address and port mappings.
Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.15. addressPortMappingLowThreshold
ElementID: 479
Name: addressPortMappingLowThreshold
Description: This element represents the low threshold value of the
number of address and port mappings.
Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.16. addressPortMappingPerUserHighThreshold
ElementID: 480
Name: addressPortMappingPerUserHighThreshold
Description: This element represents the high threshold value of the
number of address and port mappings that a single user is allowed to
create on a NAT device.
Sivakumar & Penno Standards Track [Page 30]
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Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes.
6.1.17. globalAddressMappingHighThreshold
ElementID: 481
Name: globalAddressMappingHighThreshold
Description: This element represents the high threshold value of the
number of address and port mappings that a single user is allowed to
create on a NAT device in a paired address pooling behavior.
Abstract Data Type: unsigned32
Data Type Semantics: identifier
Reference: See [RFC3022] for the definition of NAT. See [RFC3234]
for the definition of middleboxes. See [RFC4787] for the definition
of paired address pooling behavior.
7. Security Considerations
The security considerations listed in detail for IPFIX in [RFC7011]
apply to this document as well. As described in [RFC7011], the
messages exchanged between the NAT device and the Collector MUST be
protected to provide confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity.
Without those characteristics, the messages are subject to various
kinds of attacks. These attacks are described in great detail in
[RFC7011].
This document re-emphasizes the use of Transport Layer Security (TLS)
or Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) for exchanging the log
messages between the NAT device and the Collector. The log events
sent in cleartext can result in confidential data being exposed to
attackers, who could then spoof log events based on the information
in cleartext messages. Hence, the log events SHOULD NOT be sent in
cleartext.
The logging of NAT events can result in privacy concerns as a result
of exporting information such as the source address and port
information. The logging of destination information can also cause
privacy concerns, but it has been well documented in [RFC6888]. A
NAT device can choose to operate in various logging modes if it wants
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to avoid logging of private information. The Collector that receives
the information can also choose to mask the private information but
generate reports based on abstract data. It is outside the scope of
this document to address the implementation of logging modes for
privacy considerations.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4787] Audet, F., Ed. and C. Jennings, "Network Address
Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast
UDP", BCP 127, RFC 4787, DOI 10.17487/RFC4787, January
2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4787>.
[RFC5382] Guha, S., Ed., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
RFC 5382, DOI 10.17487/RFC5382, October 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5382>.
[RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, DOI 10.17487/RFC6146,
April 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6146>.
[RFC6302] Durand, A., Gashinsky, I., Lee, D., and S. Sheppard,
"Logging Recommendations for Internet-Facing Servers",
BCP 162, RFC 6302, DOI 10.17487/RFC6302, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6302>.
[RFC6888] Perreault, S., Ed., Yamagata, I., Miyakawa, S., Nakagawa,
A., and H. Ashida, "Common Requirements for Carrier-Grade
NATs (CGNs)", BCP 127, RFC 6888, DOI 10.17487/RFC6888,
April 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6888>.
[RFC7011] Claise, B., Ed., Trammell, B., Ed., and P. Aitken,
"Specification of the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)
Protocol for the Exchange of Flow Information", STD 77,
RFC 7011, DOI 10.17487/RFC7011, September 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7011>.
Sivakumar & Penno Standards Track [Page 32]RFC 8158 IPFIX IEs for NAT Logging December 2017
[RFC7659] Perreault, S., Tsou, T., Sivakumar, S., and T. Taylor,
"Definitions of Managed Objects for Network Address
Translators (NATs)", RFC 7659, DOI 10.17487/RFC7659,
October 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7659>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
8.2. Informative References
[IPFIX-IANA]
IANA, "IPFIX Information Elements",
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipfix>.
[NAT-LOG] Chen, Z., Zhou, C., Tsou, T., and T. Taylor, Ed., "Syslog
Format for NAT Logging", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-
behave-syslog-nat-logging-06, January 2014.
[RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.
[RFC2663] Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address
Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations",
RFC 2663, DOI 10.17487/RFC2663, August 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2663>.
[RFC3022] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3022, January 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3022>.
[RFC3234] Carpenter, B. and S. Brim, "Middleboxes: Taxonomy and
Issues", RFC 3234, DOI 10.17487/RFC3234, February 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3234>.
[RFC5424] Gerhards, R., "The Syslog Protocol", RFC 5424,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5424, March 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5424>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
Sivakumar & Penno Standards Track [Page 33]RFC 8158 IPFIX IEs for NAT Logging December 2017
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Dan Wing, Selvi Shanmugam, Mohamed Boucadir, Jacni Qin,
Ramji Vaithianathan, Simon Perreault, Jean-Francois Tremblay, Paul
Aitken, Julia Renouard, Spencer Dawkins, and Brian Trammell for their
review and comments.
Authors' Addresses
Senthil Sivakumar
Cisco Systems
7100-8 Kit Creek Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
United States of America
Phone: +1 919 392 5158
Email: ssenthil@cisco.com
Reinaldo Penno
Cisco Systems
170 W Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95035
United States of America
Email: repenno@cisco.com
Sivakumar & Penno Standards Track [Page 34]
