Network Working Group J. Salsman
Request for Comments: 2586 H. Alvestrand
Category: Informational UNINETT
May 1999
The Audio/L16 MIME content type
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
1. Introduction
This document defines the audio/L16 MIME type, a reasonable quality
audio format for use in Internet applications.
Possible application areas include E-mail, Web served content, file
upload in Web forms, and more.
2. The need for the Audio/L16 MIME type
The set of IETF standard MIME types for audio is small; it consists
of only the audio/basic and audio/32kadpcm types, which have a
sampling rate of 8000 samples/second.
Rates below 11025 may obscure consonant information, even for
single-voice speech. Common compressions, such as LPC, are known to
be microphone-dependant and lossy. Thus far all IETF MIME Audio
types either default to 8000 samples per second or use LPC.
In order for advanced speech recognition and related educational
applications to make use of internet transports (such as RFC 1867
file uploading) which use MIME typing, higher standards are required.
This type repairs that lack by registering a very simple MIME type
that allows higher rate, linear-encoded audio with multiple channels.
This is an IESG approved MIME type, and its definition is therefore
published as an RFC.
Salsman Informational [Page 1]RFC 2586 The Audio/L16 MIME content type May 1999
Please note that there are many other Audio types described in RFC
1890 [1] which IANA may wish to formally register; this one, of all
of them, seems to be most immediately needed. This document may also
serve as a template for further registrations of these audio types.
3. The definition of Audio/L16
Audio/L16 is based on the well know audio format "L16" described in
RFC 1890 section 4.4.8 for use with RTP transport. L16 denotes
uncompressed audio data, using 16-bit signed representation in twos-
complement notation and network byte order. (From section 4.4.8 of
RFC 1890)
It may be parametrized by varying the sample rate and the number of
channels; the parameters are given on the MIME type header.
In order to promote interoperability, only a few rate values are
standardized here. Other values may NOT be used except by bilateral
agreement.
If multiple audio channels are used, channels are numbered left-to-
right, starting at one. Samples are put into the data stream from
each channel in succession; information from lower-numbered channels
precedes that from higher-numbered channels.
For more than two channels, the convention followed by the AIFF-C
audio interchange format should be followed [1], using the following
notation:
l left
r right
c center
S surround
F front
R rear
channels description channel
1 2 3 4 5 6
___________________________________________________________
2 stereo l r
3 l r c
4 quadrophonic Fl Fr Rl Rr
4 l c r S
5 Fl Fr Fc Sl Sr
6 l lc c r rc S
(From RFC 1890 section 4.1)
Salsman Informational [Page 2]RFC 2586 The Audio/L16 MIME content type May 1999
4. IANA registration form for Audio/L16
MIME media type name : Audio
MIME subtype name : L16
Required parameters
rate: number of samples per second -- Permissible values for
rate are 8000, 11025, 16000, 22050, 24000, 32000, 44100, and
48000 samples per second.
Optional parameters
channels: how many audio streams are interleaved -- defaults
to 1; stereo would be 2, etc. Interleaving takes place
between individual two-byte samples.
Encoding considerations
Audio data is binary data, and must be encoded for non-binary
transport; the Base64 encoding is suitable for Email. Note
that audio data does not compress easily using lossless
compression.
Security considerations
Audio data is believed to offer no security risks.
Interoperability considerations
This type is compatible with the encoding used in the WAV
(Microsoft Windows RIFF) and Apple AIFF union types, and with
the public domain "sox" and "rateconv" programs.
Published specification
RFC 2586
Applications which use this media
The public domain "sox" and "rateconv" programs accept this
type.
1. Magic number(s) : None
2. File extension(s) : WAV L16
3. Macintosh file type code : AIFF
Person to contact for further information
1. Name : James Salsman
2. E-mail : jps-L16@bovik.org
Intended usage
Common
Salsman Informational [Page 3]RFC 2586 The Audio/L16 MIME content type May 1999
It is expected that many audio and speech applications will use
this type. Already the most popular platforms provide this type
with the rate=11025 parameter referred to as "radio quality
speech."
Author/Change controller
James Salsman
5. Security considerations
The audio data is believed to offer no security risks.
Note that RFC 1890 permits an application to choose to play a single
channel from a multichannel tranmission; an attacker who knows that
two different users will pick different channels could concievably
construct some confusing messages; this, however, is ridiculous.
This type is perfect for hiding data using steganography.
6. References
[1] Schulzrinne, H., "RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences
with Minimal Control", RFC 1890, January 1996.
7. Authors' Addresses
James Salsman
575 S. Rengstorff Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94040-1982 US
EMail: James@bovik.org
Harald Tveit Alvestrand
UNINETT
N-7034 TRONDHEIM
NORWAY
Phone: +47 73 59 70 94
EMail: Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no
Salsman Informational [Page 4]RFC 2586 The Audio/L16 MIME content type May 1999
8. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
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